SLAC Klystron Lectures

Lecture #12 June 2, 2004

Klystron Power Supplies, Modulators and Testing

Saul Gold Stanford Linear Accelerator Center slg@slac.stanford.edu

What have we covered?

History of Klystrons Velocity modulation, Kinematic theory and Space-charge theory Design of the electron gun Design of the electron beam and focusing Gain-Bandwidth calculations and simulations Other microwave amplifiers Klystron fabrication, vacuum and processing

Whats Next?
More Processing
Voltage processing
Burn off whiskers Electro polish surfaces

Beam processing
More outgassing, beam interception Cathode surface cleanup
Obtain even emission amps/cm2

RF processing
More outgassing, beam interception Burn off whiskers in Cavities

Whats Next? (cont.)

Test- Verification of performance
Power output, peak and average Gain Curves Efficiency Cathode roll-off (Emission curve)
Best heater power setting

RF Breakup check Bandwidth

Prepare Tube for Test

Dress
Collector water jacket and Body water fittings Focus Magnet
Electro-magnet Permanent magnet (Single or PPM) Separate gun coil

Temperature monitors Corona rings Lead shielding

Examples of klystrons

5045 in Final Assembly

5045 on the Test Stand

Examples of klystrons

PPM3-5 with PPM Focusing

PPM3-5 on the Test Stand

Examples of klystrons

SLAC PEP II Klystron in its magnet SLAC PEP II Klystron

5045 Dress Checklist

5045 Interlock Checklist

XL Klystron Data Sheets

XL Klystron Data Sheets

XL Klystron Data Sheets

XL Klystron Data Sheets

XL Klystron Data Sheets

Test Philosophy
Pulsed Klystrons
Beam Process only
Narrow Pulse width Low Rep Rate Slowly raise beam voltage as function of time and pressure Lower voltage, Raise Rep Rate and repeat

Add RF
Low Rep Rate, Narrow RF Pulse Width
Increase RF drive to saturate Klystron as function of time and gas pressure Lower Drive, Raise Rep Rate and repeat

Lower RF Drive and Rep Rate, increase RF pulse width and repeat

Test Philosophy
Widen Beam Pulse Width
Beam process only as before with voltage and Rep Rate Add RF (starting at previous width) as before slowly process width RF Drive, Rep Rate and Pulse width

Continue until full Beam and RF Pulse width with Highest Rep Rate and Klystron saturated Processing is a function of time and gas pressure

Test Philosophy (cont.)

XL4 Processing Example
Start at ~0.5usec Beam Pulse at 10 Hz.
Raise Beam voltage from minimum ~50kV to a maximum of 440kV Raise Rep Rate in steps of 10Hz, 30 Hz, 60 Hz.

Start RF at 100 to 200nsec

Raise Drive to saturate at 55 to 60MW Raise Rep Rate in steps of 10Hz, 30Hz, 60Hz Widen RF Pulse width 100, 200, 300, 500nsec

Test Philosophy (cont.)

XL4 Processing Example (cont.)
Widen Beam Pulse in steps of 0.5, 1, 1.5usec
Raise Beam voltage from minimum ~50kV to a maximum of 440kV Raise Rep Rate in steps of 10Hz, 30 Hz, 60 Hz.

Start RF at 0.500 or 1usec

Raise Drive to saturate at 55 to 60MW Raise Rep Rate in steps of 10Hz, 30Hz, 60Hz Widen RF Pulse width in steps

Test Philosophy (cont.)

CW Klystrons
Hi-Pot electron gun w/ cold cathode Beam Process only
Slowly raise beam voltage as function of time and pressure within collector dissipation limit

Add RF
Increase RF drive to saturate Klystron as function of time and gas pressure

Klystron Protection
Gun arcs
Limit peak current and peak energy Sense arc and turn off pulse (next pulse)

Beam interception
Sense current and turn off pulse (next pulse) Sense with current, sense with temperature, Sense with delta temperature

Gas Pressure
Gun or collector pressure- turn off beam Output or window pressure- turn off RF

Pulse klystron can stop pulse for gun arcs, etc. CW klystrons require a crowbar on the P.S.

Klystron Protection (cont.)

Basic Interlocks
Klystron Water or air flow Low heater current Modulator fault Low Tank oil Magnet current (over/ under) Magnet Over temp Magnet water
Turn off beam, add time delay before magnet off

All these interlocks turn off beam

Klystron Arcs
American tube companies
Arc Energy 10 joules 1000 Amps/msec max. rate of rise Remove current in less than 10msec

Thales (France)
40 joule max.

For High Power devices below 200kV Newer Klystrons above 500kV
May run more than 1 klystron per modulator

Arcing in a Klystron Gun

Operate in excellent vacuum
10-8 to 10-9 torr

Designed not to arc

Fields are well below breakdown No over voltage condition

Plasma created
Moves at 2-3 cm/ msec

Klystron Arc Waveforms

Klystron Arcs
Klystron protection will always be an issue Gun Vacuum critical Line-type modulators have been successful at high peak powers for 1 & 2 klystron operation Arc formation much slower than originally believed
Hundreds of nanoseconds

Line modulators have dumped ~70 joules Induction modulator has dumped ~ 200 joules Klystrons have survived this higher energy

Modulators
Most high peak power klystrons operate on Line-Type Modulators
SLAC has close to 250 Line-Type Modulators on the LINAC

Advantages
Relatively simple electronics Natural Protection with current limiting to 2 times operating

Disadvantages
Fixed Pulse width Matched impedance w/ klystron Pulse shape load dependent Needs to be tuned for flat pulse Limited Rep Rate

Basic Line Type Modulator

Lch L1 L2 Ln Rc

C1 Variable DC Power Supply

C2

Cn

Trigger

Thyratron

1:N

Heater Supply

Line-Type Modulator Formulas

Lt= total PFN Inductance Lt = L1+L2+..Ln

Ct= total PFN Capacitance

Zpfn = Lt / Ct

Ct = C1+C2+..Cn
Zpfn = Zkly / N2

T=2

Lt Ct

Ct = T / 2 Z

Lt = T Z / 2

Line-Type Modulator Formulas

(cont.)
Pulse Transformer Ratio

N = Vpeak max / Vps max

# PFN sections

Dependent upon pulse ripple

More sections = higher frequency ripple, more tunability Rise time of PFN tr ~ T / 2 n n = # sections

Value of components : L & C

Line-Type Modulator Waveforms

Other Modulators
Direct Switch

C Variable DC Power Supply

Heater Supply

HV Isolation

Low Capacitance
Pulse droop: Rise Time: CE=IT CE=IT C is filter cap, T is pulse width, I is beam current C is load stray cap, T is rise time, E is beam voltage, I is peak current

Other Modulators
Hybrid Modulator
1:N

Variable DC Power Supply

Heater Supply

Primary C droop:

CE=IT

Rise time of pulse is mainly a function of Pulse Transformer

Other Modulators
Induction adder
Stacked cores with a common secondary

Heater Supply

Variable voltage DC Power Supply 1. Usually single turn primary and secondary 2. Can use multi-turn secondary 3. # Sections function of switch voltage

Other Modulators
Marx Modulator
Charge in parallel, discharge in series
-

Variable DC Power Supply

1. Standard- On switch, full discharge

2. On switch with PFNs in place of capacitor 3. ON/ OFF Switch with Partial discharge of capacitor

References
G.N. Glasoe, J.V. Lebacqz, Pulse Generators, McGraw-Hill

J.Millman, H. Taub, Pulse, Digital and Switching

Waveforms, McGraw-Hill
R.B. Neal, The Stanford Two-Mile Accelerator, W.A. Benjamin Inc. P.W. Smith, Transient Electronics, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

S.L.Gold, Klystron Gun Arcing and Modulator

Protection