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Rocket fuel chemical found in water, produce December 1, 2004 WASHINGTON (AP) -- The government has found traces of a rocket fuel chemical in organic milk in Maryland, green leaf lettuce grown in Arizona and bottled spring water from Texas and California. Sufficient amounts of perchlorate can affect the thyroid, potentially causing delayed development and other problems. But Environmental Protection Agency official Kevin Mayer called for calm, saying in an interview Tuesday: "Alarm is not warranted. That is clear." Asked whether that level of chemical in milk was worrisome, Mayer, the EPA's regional perchlorate coordinator for Arizona, California, Hawaii and Nevada, said, "The answer is, we don't know yet."
BBC
10 September, 2004
Solid/Hazardous Wastes
Lecture Objectives:
What do we do with our garbage? What are the problems with hazardous waste? What happened at Love Canal?
Solid Waste objects or particles that accumulate on the site where they are produced. Municipal Solid Waste (Garbage) amounts to 230 million tons in U.S. annually (equivalent to 3
billion humans!!).
US Domestic Waste
Disposable Decades
U.S. volume of garbage has increased more than 50% since 1960 (although stabilized since 1990) . Countries with higher standard of living produce more waste. Traditional Methods (dumping and burning) are no longer accepted. Urban areas running out of places to put garbage
Landfilling
Most municipal solid waste in US is deposited in landfills Source of groundwater pollution Number of municipal landfills is declining.
Some closed for violations, other because full New landfills costly and often resisted - NIMBY
Sanitary Landfills
Incineration
Prior to 1940, incineration was common in North America and western Europe.
Many
Incinerator Types
Mass Burn - Everything smaller than major furniture and appliances loaded into furnace.
Incineration
Pros:
Reduce volume 90%, weight 75% Heat from burning converted to electricity
Cons:
Create air pollution Concentrates toxins in ash More costly than landfills, as long as space available
Composting
Harnessing natural decomposition to transform organic material into compost About 3800 composting facilities currently in use in the United States. Landscape Recycling Center 1210 E. University Ave., Urbana 344-LEAF (5323) www.city.urbana.il.us
Source Reduction
Most fundamental method of reducing waste is to prevent it from being produced (Waste Prevention).
Recycling
By 2000, 9,000 U.S. cities had implemented curbside recycling programs. Urbanas curbside program began in 1986
http://www.ci.champaign.il.us/public_works/index.php
Recycling Benefits
Crushed glass reduces energy required to manufacture new glass by 50%. One Sunday edition of N.Y. times consumes 62,000 trees. Only 40% of North American paper is recycled. Over 60% of aluminum cans recycled.
Recycling
Benefits
Saves money, raw materials, and land. Encourages individual responsibility. Reduces pressure on disposal systems.
Lowers demand for raw resources. Reduces energy consumption and air pollution.
US Recycling Rates
Recycling Concerns
Buy durable items and repair them Buy recycled goods and recycle them
http://www.city.champaign.il.us/public_works/pwrhp.html http://www.city.urbana.il.us/
http://www.ci.urbana.il.us/
quick links
recycling
Hazardous Wastes
Hazardous Wastes Dangerous byproducts of industrial, business, or household activities for which there is no immediate use. Numerous types and forms:
Heavy metals Organic wastes Old Computers Batteries Liquids, solids, sludge
4) Toxic?
Cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible, illness; or pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, disposed of, or otherwise managed.
Many chemical compounds have not been tested adequately for adverse affects!!
Acute
Effects
of massive doses (acute) and small doses over time (chronic) differ.
Synergism
Assessing
Because most hazardous wastes are disposed on or in land, most serious effect is contaminated groundwater.
100,000 industrial landfill sites 180,000 surface impoundments Nearly 2% of North Americas underground aquifers could be contaminated. Once polluted, prohibitively costly to restore water to original state; often not even physically possible
Health Risks
Each year, roughly 1,000 new chemicals are produced and distributed. 70,000 already in daily use. Main problem is often improper handling and disposal IEPA household hazardous waste collection (217) 782-6761
Mercury Thermostats/Thermometers, Antifreeze, Solvents, Metal Polishes, Drain Cleaners, Cleaning Products, Paint Removers, Oil-Based Paints (no water-based paints), Aerosol Paints, Paint Thinners, Fluorescent Bulbs, Hobby Chemicals, Pool Chemicals, Fungicides, Furniture Strippers, Used Oils, Insecticides, Herbicides, Pesticides, Weed Killers, Lawn Chemicals, Old Gasoline, Used Motor Oil, Household/Automotive Batteries, Propane Tanks (20 & 20 lb. cylinders), and Fire Extinguishers
Prior to 1976, hazardous waste was essentially unregulated. Most common disposal solution was to bury or dump the wastes without concern for environmental or health risks.
In
North America alone, currently over 25,000 sites containing hazardous waste.
U.S.
Federal Legislation
http://www.epa.gov/superfund/
Superfund Sites
Total costs for hazardous waste cleanup in the US are estimated between $370 billion and $1.7 trillion.
For years, most of the funding has gone to legal fees, but this situation has improved over past several years.
http://www.epa.state.il.us/land/hazardous-waste/householdhaz-waste/index.html
Household Hazardous Waste Collections The Illinois EPA coordinates one-day household hazardous waste collections each year in the spring and fall.
Love Canal
1892 -- William T. Love proposed a canal for navigation and hydropower
Only one mile of the canal built, used for swimming and recreation
Hooker Chemical Company dumped over 20,000 tons of chemicals until 1953.
1953 - Hooker covered the site with dirt and clay and sold the land to the Niagara Falls Board of Education for $1.00
1955 - the 99th Street elementary school opened and homes were built on the 16-acre rectangular site
1976 -- Calspan Corporation hired as consultant April, 1978 Report in newspaper about toxic chemicals Aug. 2, 1978 - the NY State Department of Health recommended temporary relocation of pregnant women and young children
Aug. 7, 1978, President Jimmy Carter declared a federal emergency at Love Canal
1980s -- Human Heath issues documented Of 17 pregnancies in 1979 2 normal, 9 birth defects, 2 stillborn, 4 miscarriages Broken chromosomes Neurological Problems 1980 Superfund Site
1. Reduce amount of pollution at the source. 2. Recycle wastes whenever possible. 3. Treat wastes to reduce hazard and/or volume. 4. Dispose of wastes on land or incinerate them as last resort.
2) 3)
4)
5)
Know the 5 methods of waste disposal. Which is the most common method in the US, and what are two problems with this method? What are some recycling initiatives in the US? What can you do to help reduce the amount of solid waste generated? What are the environmental problems and health risks caused by hazardous wastes? What is the main source of these problems? Know the general story of the Love Canal.