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Timo Nihtil
Outline
Background
Key concepts
Code multiplexing Spreading
Introduction to Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) WCDMA Performance Enhancements
High Speed Packet Access (HSDPA/HSUPA) Advanced features for HSDPA
Timo Nihtil
Background
Why new radio access system
Frequency Allocations
Standardization WCDMA background and evolution Evolution of Mobile standards Current WCDMA markets
New services in mobile multimedia need faster data transmission and flexible utilization of the spectrum FDMA and TDMA are not efficient enough
TDMA wastes time resources FDMA wastes frequency resources
CDMA can exploit the whole bandwidth constantly Wideband CDMA was selected for a radio access system for UMTS (1997)
(Actually the superiority of OFDM was not fully understood by then)
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US plan is incompatible, the spectrum reserved for 3G elsewhere is currently used for the US 2G standards
IMT-2000 band in Europe:
FDD 2x60MHz
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Standardization
WCDMA was studied in various research programs in the industry and universities WCDMA was chosen besides ETSI also in other forums like ARIB (Japan) as 3G technology in late 1997/early 1998. During 1998 parallel work proceeded in ETSI and ARIB (mainly), with commonalities but also differences Work was also on-going in USA and Korea
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Standardization
At end of 1998 different standardization organizations got together and created 3GPP, 3rd Generation Partnership Project. 5 Founding members: ETSI, ARIB+TTC (Japan), TTA (Korea), T1P1 (USA) CWTS (China) joined later. Different companies are members through their respective standardization organization.
3GPP
ETSI
ARIB
TTA
T1P1
TTC
CWTS
ETSI Members
ARIB Members
TTA Members
T1P1 Members
TTC Members
CWTS Members
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Release 4, 03/01
Core network was extended markets jumped over Rel 4
Release 5, 03/02
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
Release 7, 06/07
Continuous Packet connectivity (improvement for e.g. VoIP), advanced features for HSDPA (MIMO, higher order modulation)
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2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Japan
Europe (pre-commercial)
Europe (commercial)
HSDPA (commercial)
HSUPA (commercial)
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HSDPA/ HSUPA
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GSM (80.9%) C DMA (12%) WC DMA (4.6%) iDEN (0.9%) PDC(0.8%) US TDMA (0.8%)
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Key concepts
CDMA
Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence spreading Spreading and Processing gain
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Time
1 2 N
Frequency
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), different frequencies for different users
example Nordic Mobile Terminal (NMT) systems
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), same frequency but different timeslots for different users,
example Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) GSM also uses FDMA
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), same frequency and time but users are separated from each other with orthogonal codes
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Spread Spectrum
Means that the transmission bandwidth is much larger than the information bandwidth i.e. transmitted signal is spread to a wider bandwidth
Bandwidth is not dependent on the information signal
Benefits
More secure communication Reduces the impact of interference (and jamming) due to processing gain
Classification Direct Sequence (spreading with pseudo noise (PN) sequence) Frequency hopping (rapidly changing frequency) Time Hopping (large frequency, short transmission bursts)
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Spread Spectrum
Where does spread spectrum come from
First publications, late 40s First applications: Military from the 50s Rake receiver patent 1956 Cellular applications proposed late 70s Investigations for cellular use 80s IS-95 standard 1993 (2G) 1997/1998 3G technology choice 2001/2002 Commercial launch of WCDMA technology
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Direct Sequence
In direct sequence (DS) user bits are coded with unique binary sequence i.e. with spreading/channelization code
The bits of the channelization code are called chips Chip rate (W) is typically much higher than bit rate (R) Codes need to be in some respect orthogonal to each other (cocktail party effect)
Different bit rates have different geographical areas covered based on the interference levels
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Direct Sequence
Transmission (Tx) side with DS
Information signal is multiplied with channelization code => spread signal
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Direct Sequence
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Direct Sequence
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R
Power density (Watts/Hz)
Frequency
Frequency
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Transmitted signal
Interference
Frequency
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The number of users takes negative effect on the processing gain. The loss is defined as:
Lp = 10*log10k, where k is the amount of users
High bit rate means lower processing gain and higher power OR smaller coverage The processing gain is different for different services over 3G mobile network (voice, web browsing, videophone) due to different bit rates
Thus, the coverage area and capacity might be different for different services depending on the radio network planning issues
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Network Architecture
Radio propagation and fading RAKE receiver Power Control in WCDMA Diversity Capacity and coverage
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WCDMA System
WCDMA is the most common radio interface for UMTS systems
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WCDMA System
Soft handover
Improves coverage, decreases interference
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Codes in WCDMA
Channelization Codes (=short code)
Codes from different branches of the code tree are orthogonal Length is dependent on the spreading factor Used for
channel separation from the single source in downlink separation of data and control channels from each other in the uplink
Same channelization codes in every cell / mobiles and therefore the additional scrambling code is needed
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Codes in WCDMA
For instance, the relation between downlink physical layer bit rates and codes
Symbol_rate = Chip_rate/SF Bit_rate = Symbol_rate*2 Control channel (DPCCH) overhead User bit rate with coding = Channel_bit_rate/2
Channel symbol rate (ksps) 7.5 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 2880
DPDCH channel bit rate range (kbps) 36 1224 4251 90 210 432 912 1872 5616
Maximum user data rate with rate coding (approx.) 13 kbps Half rate speech 612 kbps Full rate speech 2024 kbps 45 kbps 105 kbps 144 kbps 215 kbps 384 kbps 456 kbps 936 kbps 2.3 Mbps 2 Mbps
QoS Support
Key Factors: Simultaneous support of services with different QoS requirements:
up to 210 Transport Format Combinations, selectable individually for every radio frame (10 ms) going towards IP core networks greatly increases the usage of simultaneous applications requiring different quality, e.g. real time vs. non-real time
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QoS support
Example: Downlink Shared Channel 10 ms
Code 5
USER 4
Downlink Dedicated Channels
Code 1
Time
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RNC
NodeB
Radio Network Controller (RNC) corresponds roughly to the Base Station Controller (BSC) in GSM
Node B corresponds roughly to the Base Station in GSM
Term Node B is a relic from the first 3GPP releases
UE
CN
NodeB Iur interface
UE
NodeB
RNC
UTRAN
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Due to length difference of the signal paths, multipath components of the signal arrive at different times to the receiver and can be combined either destructively or constructively
Depends on the phases of the multipath components
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RAKE receiver
Every multipath component arriving at the receiver more than one chip time (0.26 s) apart can be distinguished by the RAKE receiver
0.26 s corresponds to 78 m in path length difference
RAKE assigns a finger to each received component (tap) and alters their phases based on a channel estimate so that the components can be combined constructively
Transmitted symbol Received symbol at each time slot Phase modified using the channel estimate Combined symbol
Finger #1
Finger #2
Finger #3
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UE1 UE2
UE3
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Only for the initial power setting of the MS Based on distance attenuation estimation from the downlink pilot signal
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Outer loop PC (running in the radio network controller, RNC) defines SIR target for the BS. If the measured SIR at BS is lower than the SIR-target, the MS is commanded to increases its transmit power. Otherwise MS is commanded to decrease its power Power control dynamics at the MS is 70 dB
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Outer loop PC (running in the MS) defines SIR target for the MS If the measured SIR at the MS is lower than the SIR-target, the BS is commanded to increases its transmit power for that MS. Otherwise, BS is commanded to decrease its power. Power control rate 1500 Hz Power control dynamics is dependent on the service Theres no near-far problem in DL due to one-to-many scenario. However, it is desirable to provide a marginal amount of additional power to mobile stations at the cell edge, as they suffer from increased other-cell interference.
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Inner loop power control tries to keep the received SIR as close to the target SIR as possible. However, the constant SIR alone does not actually guarantee the required frame error rate (FER) which can be considered as the quality criteria of the link/service.
Theres no unique SIR that automatically gives a certain FER FER is a function of SIR, but also depends on mobility and propagation environment.
Therefore, the frame reliability information has to be delivered to outer loop control, which can tune the SIR target if necessary.
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Diversity
Transmitting on a single path only can lead to serious performance degradation due to fading As fading is independent between different times and spaces it is reasonable to use the available diversity of them to decrease the probability of a deep fade
The more there are paths to choose from, the less likely it is that all of them have a poor energy level
There exists different types of diversity which can be used to improve the quality, e.g.:
Multipath
RAKE receiver exploits taps arriving at different times
Macro
Different Node Bs send the same information
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Diversity
Time
Same information is transmitted in different times
Receive antenna
Transmission is received with multiple antennas Power gain and diversity gain
Transmit antenna
Transmission is sent with multiple antennas
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WCDMA Handovers
WCDMA handovers can be categorized into three different types
Intra-frequency handover
WCDMA handover within the same frequency and system. Soft, softer and hard handover supported
Inter-frequency handover
Handover between different frequencies (carriers) but within the same system E.g. from one WCDMA operator to another Only hard handover supported
Inter-system handover
Handover between WCDMA and another system, e.g. from WCDMA to GSM Only hard handover supported
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WCDMA Handovers
Soft handover
Handover between different Node Bs Several Node Bs transmit the same signal to the UE which combines the transmissions
Advantages: lower Tx power needed for each Node B and UE lower interference, battery saving for UE Disadvantage: resources (code, power) need to be reserved for the UE in each Node B Excess soft handovers limit the capacity
No interruption in data transmission Needs RNC duplicating frame transmissions to two Node Bs
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WCDMA Handovers
Softer handover
Handover between two sectors of the same Node B
Special case of a soft handover No need for duplicate frames
Hard handover
The source is released first and then new one is added Short interruption in data flow
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WCDMA Handovers
Some terminology
Active set (AS), represents the Node Bs to which the UE is in soft handover Neighbor set (NS), represents the links that UE monitors but which are not already in active set
Triggering time_1 Triggering time_2 BS1 Received signal strength
Threshold_1 BS2
Threshold_2
BS2 is still after the triggering time above threshold and thus added to the AS
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When the load increases, the interference levels increases, too, and therefore also increased transmit powers are needed in order to keep constant quality. Due to finite power resources, the more users Node B serves the less power it has for each UE coverage will decrease
This leads to cell breathing: the coverage area changes as the load of the cell changes. Therefore, the coverage and the capacity have to be planned simultaneously Radio resource management (RRM) is needed in WCDMA to effectively control cell breathing.
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WCDMA evolution
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) Advanced receivers with HSDPA Advanced HSDPA scheduling
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HSDPA features
Agreed features in Release 5
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
QPSK or 16QAM
Multicode operation
Support of 1-15 code channels (SF=16)
Short frame size (TTI = 2 ms) Fast retransmissions using Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
Chase Combining Incremental Redundancy
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2
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UE
New base station functions HARQ retransmissions Modulation/coding selection Packet data scheduling (short TTI)
Fast scheduling is done directly in Node-B based on feedback information from UE and knowledge of current traffic state.
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HSDPA functionality
Scheduling responsibility has been moved from RNC to Node B
Due to this and the short TTI length (2 ms) the scheduling is dynamic and fast
Support for several parallel transmissions
When packet A is sent it starts to wait for an acknowledgement from the receiver, during which other packets can be sent via a parallel SAW (stopand-wait) channels
Ack B
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HSDPA functionality
UE informs the Node B regularly of its channel quality by CQI messages (Channel Quality Indicator)
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HSDPA functionality
Node B can use channel state information for several purposes
In transport format (TFRC) selection
Modulation and coding scheme
Scheduling decisions
Non-blind scheduling algorithms can be utilized
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HSDPA channels
User data is sent on High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HSDSCH) Control information is sent on High Speed Common Control Channel (HS-SCCH) HS-SCCH is sent two slot before HS-DSCH to inform the scheduled UE of the transport format of the incoming transmission on HS-DSCH
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Solutions Layer1 hybrid ARQ NodeB based scheduling for uplink Frame sizes 2ms & 10 ms Schedule in 3GPP Part of Release 6 First specifications version completed 12/04 In 3GPP specs with the name Enhanced uplink DCH (E-DCH)
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Own signal
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Using antenna diversity (1x2) the throughput can be doubled compared to a single antenna Both techniques increase the cost of a mobile unit
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The amount of data transmitted by the network must be maximized whilst offering the best possible quality of service to all users
The scheduling can be improved by an advanced algorithm
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Femtocells
More and more consumers want to use their mobile devices at home, even when theres a fixed line available
Providing full or even adequate mobile residential coverage is a significant challenge for operators Mobile operators need to seize residential minutes from fixed line providers, and compete with fixed and emerging VoIP and WiFi services => There is trend in discussing very small indoor, home and campus NodeB layouts
Femtocells are cellular access points (for limited access group) that connect to a mobile operators network using residential DSL or cable broadband connections Femtocells enable capacity equivalent to a full 3G network sector at very low transmit powers, dramatically increasing battery life of existing phones, without needing to introduce WiFi enabled handsets
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Femtocells
The study considers the system performance of an HSDPA network consisting of macro cells and very low transmit power (femto) cells The impact of using 64QAM in addition to QPSK and 16QAM in order to benefit from the high SINR is studied The network performance is investigated with different portions of users created in the buildings (0100%)
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Femtocells
Femtocells provide maximum of 1517 % gain to network throughput already without dedicated indoor users The gain is visible with high load in the network and comes directly from the increased number of access points in the network Table: Network throughput gain of femto cells to macro users Offered load Scheme
Medium
Rake 1x1 Rake 1x2 Equ 1x1 3% -1 % -2 % -1 %
High
8% 19 % 18 % 3%
Congested
15 % 13 % 15 % 17 %
Average load of a cell is decreased and users can be scheduled more often
Equ 1x2
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Femtocells
When the amount of dedicated indoor users increase, the gain of femto cells explodes Gain is in the range of hundreds of percents even with small portion of indoor users
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