BITS, PILANI K. K.

BIRLA GOA CAMPUS HEAT TRANSFER 2013 - 2014

PROF. SRINIVAS KRISHNASWAMY ASSOCIATE PROF. & HEAD OF DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING BITS PILANI, K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

Lecture information
M W F : 9:00 am
Instructor for Tutorial: Prof. Srinivas Krishnaswamy /Lekshmi Ajith Kumar Tutorial timings: Tuesday 8:00 am (A501)
March 17, 2014 BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS 2

Time to think!!!!
What am I doing in BITS? Where do I go from here? Does CGPA matter? Do I need to attend classes? Do I really know my faculty and friends? Do I really need to believe in everything that my seniors tell me? Am I really spending my time in BITS constructively? Will IT save me later?
March 17, 2014 BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS 3

What are we going to talk about?

A frog in the well knows nothing of the river leave alone the ocean

March 17, 2014

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

Engineering, Technology and Science, Understanding it first

These terms used frequently and terms like engineering and technology are interchangeable, but are different
Engineering is a specific profession uses Science and Maths to solve a particular problem for society in a safe and economical manner (text book definition) The body of knowledge, processes, and artifacts that result from engineering is technology. Almost everything made by humans to solve a need is a technology It is possible to invent a new technology without engineering it

Engineering, Technology and Science, Understanding it first

Engineers are people who seek to do and use measured quantities such as pressure, temperature, flowrates etc. in doing so Scientist studies the world as it is and produces theories to describe it. They are people who seek to know and use fundamental quantities to explain Engineering is the art of doing things well with one dollar which others can do with two dollars ARTHUR M. WELLINGTON (Former Editor of Engineering News, A Civil and Chemical Engineer)

March 17, 2014

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

Science and Engineering, Like or Unlike Poles

An engineer would always find a theory too complex for solving real world problems, while the scientist scoffs at the engineers approach EACH FINDS THE OTHERS WORLD COMPLEX
The truth is both believe in the same thing SIMPLE IS BEAUTIFUL
March 17, 2014 BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS 7

Research Triangle (Science)

Experience

Skill / Knowledge

Motivation

Largely individual based

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Research Pentagon (Engineering)

Technology Cost effective Environment friendly

Social/Cultural impact

Energy efficiency

Largely Society based

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Engineering

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Who is a chemical engineer?

An engineer who manufactures chemicals A Chemist who works in a factory A glorified plumber
Answer: None of these

He is comfortable with chemistry Yes! But does more than manufacture chemicals. In fact the term is never intended to describe the work a chemical engineer performs. It is more meant to indicate how it is different from other branches of engineering
March 17, 2014 BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS 11

Who is a chemical engineer?

IT IS THE CHEMICAL ENGINEER ALONE THAT DRAWS UPON THE VAST AND POWERFUL SCIENCE OF CHEMISTRY TO SOLVE A WIDE RANGE OF PROBLEMS. THE STRONG TECHNICAL AND SOCIAL TIES THAT BIND CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ARE UNIQUE IN THE FIELDS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

March 17, 2014

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

12

Laboratory Preparation of Ammonia

All ammonium salts liberate ammonia gas when heated with strong bases. This forms the basis for the laboratory preparation of ammonia

March 17, 2014

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

13

Flow sheet for ammonia preparation

March 17, 2014

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

14

Ammonia Plant

Control room of a nuclear Power plant

Chemical Engineering at the Centre

SAFETY Virtuality in Chemical Engineering COST Fuel Cell Engineering Chemical Engineering. Materials Science Computational Fluid Dynamics. ENVIRONMENT

Membrane Processes.

Micro fluidics EFFICIENCY

ENERGY

Biomedical Engineering

Biochemical Engineering.
BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

Nanotechnology

March 17, 2014

17

What is Heat Transfer?

Transfer of a form of energy (in transit) due to a temperature difference 3 modes conduction, convection and radiation Prevailing all around earth in some form or other A important course in the context of Chemical Engineering
March 17, 2014 BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS 18

Why is this course important?

INPUT OUTPUT

REACTOR

CONTACTING PATTERN

KINETICS

OUTPUT = F (INPUT, KINETICS, CONTACTING)

PERFORMANCE EQUATION
March 17, 2014 BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS 19

What is involved in reactor design?

Heat Transfer Mass Transfer Fluid Mechanics

REACTANT(S)
REACTOR

PRODUCT (Ethylene)

(Ethane)
Thermodynamics

Reaction Kinetics

March 17, 2014

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

20

Is Heat Transfer difficult?

All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them. Galileo Galilei

March 17, 2014

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

21

Let us do an experiment
Generate as much power as you can in a way that you can measure it. Express your result in Watts What do you think the answer will be?

March 17, 2014

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

22

Let us prepare ice tea

Keywords: Ice Refrigerator

Electricity
Steam Boiler Coal

March 17, 2014

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

23

Relation with Thermodynamics

Simple: How much and how fast Thermodynamics is equilibrium based

It does not talk of rate (with respect to time)

Rate transport processes account for departure from equilibrium Heat Transfer is one of the rate processes
March 17, 2014 BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS 24

Heat Transfer tree

Modes

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

Forced Convection

Free Convection

March 17, 2014

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

25

Conduction
Energy transfer due to molecular motion Random Translational, rotational & vibrational motion of molecules (more energetic to less energetic molecules through collisions) Occurs within a single medium Of course there must be a temperature difference Credit goes to Baron John Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768 1830)
March 17, 2014 BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS 26

Fouriers law of heat conduction

March 17, 2014

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

27

Fouriers law of heat conduction

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Fouriers law of heat conduction

Fourier's law is phenomenological (from observed phenomena)

March 17, 2014 BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS 29

Fouriers law of heat conduction

March 17, 2014

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

30

Fouriers law of heat conduction

March 17, 2014

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

31

Convection
Energy transfer due to molecular motion (diffusion) and bulk or macroscopic motion (advection) Two mediums involved Of course difference there must be a temperature

Our focus is fluid-fluid /surface interaction Boundary layer understood

March 17, 2014

phenomena

needs

to

be
32

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

Convection (Types)

BOILING

CONDENSATION

March 17, 2014

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

33

Forced Convection

March 17, 2014

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

34

Natural Convection

March 17, 2014

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

35

Newtons law of cooling

March 17, 2014

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

36

Convection (Not as simple)

March 17, 2014

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

37

Convection (Not as simple)

March 17, 2014

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

38

Radiation
The energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic waves (or photons) as a result of the changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms or molecules Unlike conduction and convection, the transfer of heat by radiation does not require the presence of an intervening medium In fact, heat transfer by radiation is fastest (at the speed of light) and it suffers no attenuation in a vacuum. This is how the energy of the sun reaches the earth All bodies at a temperature above absolute zero emit thermal radiation
Blackbody: The idealized surface that emits radiation at the maximum rate.
March 17, 2014 BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS 39

Radiation
StefanBoltzmann law
= 5.670 108 W/m2 K4 StefanBoltzmann constant

Emissivity : A measure of how closely a surface approximates a blackbody for which = 1 of the surface. 0 1.

Radiation emitted by real surfaces

March 17, 2014 BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS 40

Radiation
Absorptivity : The fraction of the radiation energy incident on a surface that is absorbed by the surface. 0 1 A blackbody absorbs the entire radiation incident on it ( = 1)

Kirchhoffs law: The emissivity and the absorptivity of a surface at a given temperature and wavelength are equal.
March 17, 2014

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

41

Radiation

Radiation heat transfer between a surface and the surfaces surrounding it.

March 17, 2014

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

42

Objective Assessment of Chapter

Understand the importance of Heat Transfer in the context of the Chemical Engg. curriculum Understand modes of heat transfer Getting familiar with basis equations involved in different modes of heat transfer Start solving problems
Now this is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning.

March 17, 2014

BITS, PILANI K. K. BIRLA GOA CAMPUS

43