STRUCTURE & ORGANIZATION OF PROCARYOTIC & EUCARYOTIC CELL

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Prokaryotic Cell

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Prokaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic cells are less complex than Eukaryotic cells.They are very small and most are surrounded by a stiff cell wall. Some are propelled by flagella. Surface projections made of protein called Pilli are used to attach to surface or to exchange genetic material. Some secrete a capsule or slime layer to help them attach to hosts or to evade attack by immune cells.
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 The cytoplasm is relatively homogenous. They have a single, circular strand of DNA usually coiled and contracted in the nucleoid region of the cell. But it is not separated from the rest of the cytoplasm by a membrane. Prokaryotic cells also lack membrane enclosed organelles. Their cytoplasm contains ribosomes. Photosynthetic bacteria also contain internal membranes that have light-capturing proteins and enzymes embedded in them.

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Prokaryotic cell has 3 architectural regions:

Appendages (attachments to the cell surface) in the form of flagella and pili (or fimbriae) Cell envelope consisting of a capsule, cell wall and plasma membrane Cytoplasmic region that contains the cell genome (DNA) and ribosomes and various sorts of inclusions
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Characteristics of typical bacterial cell structures

Structure Function(s)
Predominant chemical composition Protein

Flagella Pili Sex pilus Common pili or fimbriae

Swimming movement

Mediates DNA transfer during Protein conjugation Attachment to surfaces; protection against phagotrophic engulfment
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Protein

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Capsules (includes "slime layers" and glycocalyx) Cell wall Grampositive bacteria

Attachment to surfaces; protection against phagocytic engulfment, occasionally killing or digestion; reserve of nutrients or protection against desiccation

Usually polysaccharide; occasionally polypeptide

Prevents osmotic lysis of cell protoplast and confers rigidity and shape on cells Peptidoglycan prevents osmotic lysis and confers rigidity and shape; outer membrane is permeability barrier; associated LPS and proteins have various functions
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Peptidoglycan (murein) complexed with teichoic acids Peptidoglycan (murein) surrounded by phospholipid proteinlipopolysaccharide "outer membrane"
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Gramnegative bacteria

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Plasma membrane

Permeability barrier; transport of solutes; energy generation; location of numerous enzyme systems

Phospholipid and protein

Ribosomes

Sites of translation (protein synthesis)

RNA and protein

Inclusions

Often reserves of nutrients; additional specialized functions

Highly variable; carbohydrate, lipid, protein or inorganic

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Chromosome

Genetic material of cell

DNA

Plasmid

Extrachromosomal genetic material

DNA

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Cilia & Flagella

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Bacterial Cell Wall

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The structure of the muramic acid subunit of the peptidoglycan of Escherichia coli (Gram bacteria)

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Schematic diagram of the peptidoglycan sheet of Staphylococcus aureus (Gram + bacteria)

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Gram positive cell wall

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Gram negative cell wall

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Plasma membrane

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Sporulation

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Eukaryotic Cell

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Cell Organization
Cell Part: Plasma membrane Structure: Membrane composed of a double layer of lipids (phospholipids, cholesterol) within which proteins are embedded; proteins may extend entirely through the lipid bilayer or protrude on only one face Depend on the organism Functions: Serves as an external cell barrier; acts in transport of substances into or out of the cell; externally facing proteins act as receptors (for hormones, neurotransmitters) and in cell-tocell recognition

Cell wall Cytoplasm

Strengthen and give shape to the cell

Cellular region between the nuclear and plasma membranes; consists of fluid cytosol, containing dissolved solutes, inclusions (stored nutrients, pigments granules), and organelies, the metabolic machinery of the cytoplasm.
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Cell Part:

Structure:

Functions:

Cytoplasmic organelles
Mitochondria Rod-like, double-membrane structures; inner membrane folded into projections called cristae Site of ATP synthesis; powerhouse of the cell

Ribosome's

Dense particles consisting of The sites of protein two subunits, each synthesis composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins; free or attached to rough ER Membrane system enclosing a cavity, the cistern a, and coiling through the cytoplasm; externally studded with ribosome's
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Makes proteins that are secreted from the cell; makes the cell's membrane

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Cell Part: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Structure: Membranous system of tubules; free of ribosomes A stack of smooth membrane sacs close to the nucleus

Functions: Site of lipid metabolism

Golgi apparatus

Packages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell and inclusion in lysosomes; sends membranes from rough ER to their destinations Sites of intracellular digestion

Lysosomes

Membranous sacs containing acid hydrolases

Peroxisomes

Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes

The enzymes detoxify a number of toxic substances; the most important enzyme, catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide
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Cell Part: Microfilaments

Structure:

Functions:

Fine filaments of the Involved in muscle contraction contractile protein actin and other types of intracellular movement; help form the cell's cytoskeleton Protein fibres; composition varies The stable cytoskeleton elements; resist tensile forces acting on the cell

Intermediate filaments

Microtubles

Cylindrical structures composed of tubulin proteins

Support the cell and give it shape; involved in intracellular and cellular movements, form centrioles

Centrioles

Paired cylindrical bodies, each composed of nine triplets of microtubules

Organise a microtubule network during mitosis to form the spindle; form bases of cilia and flagella
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Cell Part:

Structure:

Functions:

Nucleus

Surrounded by the nuclear membrane; contains fluid nucleoplasm, nucleoli, and chromatin
Double bilipid membrane containing proteins; pierced by pores; continuous with the cytoplasmic ER

Control center of the cell; responsible for transmitting genetic information and providing the instructions for protein synthesis
Separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm and regulates passage of substances to and from the nucleus

Nuclear membrane

Nucleoli

Dense spherical (nonmembrane-bounded) bodies

Site of ribosome subunit manufacture

Chromatin

Granular, threadlike material composed of DNA and histone proteins

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Differences of Plasma Membrane :

Bacteria
Protein Composition of lipid High Phospholipid

Archaebacteria
High Phospholipid, Sulpholipid, Glycolipid, Isoprenoid

Eukaryot
Low Phospholipid

Structure of lipid Link of lipid Sterol

Straight chain Branched chain Ester Absent Ether Absent

Straight chain Ester Present

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Generalized structure of a membrane lipids

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Differences of Cell Wall :

Microorganism
Algae Fungi Protozoa Bacteria Archaebacteria

Chemical composition of cell wall

Cellulose Chitin Pellicle (CaCO3, SiO2) Peptidoglycan Pseudopeptidoglycan

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Composition of Peptidoglycan : (Bacteria)

Amino sugars : N-acetylglucosamine N-acetylmuramic acid Linked by glycosidic bond ( 1-4)
Amino acids : L- & D- alanine, D-glutamic acid, lysine, diaminopimelic acid
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Composition of Pseudopeptidoglycan : (Archaebacteria) Amino sugars :

N-acetylglucosamine N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid

Linked by glycosidic bond ( 1-3)

Amino acids : L- alanine, L-glutamic acid, L-lysine

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