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Mobile Computing
IT644
GSM System Architecture
Network Subsystem
MSC ??
Radio Subsystem
BTS, BSC
Operation Support Subsystem
GSM System Hieararchy
GSM Network
Other Identification :
• International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)
• International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
• Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (Mobile Telephone No.)
Radio Network
Base Subsystem Controller ? (BSC)
- Handles essential control and protocol intelligence.
- Handover is executed at the BSC.
960 Mhz
124
•
•
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
•
•
TDMA structure of
2
each channel
1
935 Mhz
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Downlink
Delay
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Uplink
Signaling Channels
• Broadcast Channel (BCH)
• Common Control Channel (CCH)
• Dedicated/Associated Control Channel (DCCH/ACCH)
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Signalling channel contd. ....
BCH :
• Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
• Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)
• Synchronization Channel (SCH)
CCH :
• Random Access Channel (RACH)
• Paging Channel (PCH)
D/ACCH
• Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)
• Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
Traffic channel structure for full rate coding
TDMA
slots 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 • • 26
TDMA Frames
on a given channel
Traffic
Signaling (S)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 • • 26
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 • • • • • • • • 26
Timing Advance:
• MS advances its burst transmission by a time corresponding
to round trip time.
• The delay is quantiled as a 6 bit number.
=> 64 steps (0-63); each step advances the Timing by one
bit duration ie 3.7 µ s.
• 64 steps allows compensation over a maximum propagation
time of 31.5 bit periods ie 113.3 µ s ( => a maximum distance
of ~ 35 km)
Timing Advance : How it works.
(Sent by BS on
down link)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
| |
| | | | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
| | | |
One way | | | | |
Two way propagation (received by BS on
Propagation || | | |
delay |
delay up link)
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (received by MS on
down link)
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
| 8
| (Sent by MS on up link)
Transmission Bursts
• Normal Burst
• Synchronization Burst
• Frequency Correction Burst
• Dummy Burst
• Access Burst
Control Channel
Functions:
• To help the MS find the control channels. ??
• To provide information about
- voice and control channel repetition cycle.
- parameters in the cell.
- surrounding cells.
- paging.
• To allow random access attempts by the MS.
The Downlink Control Channel
SB 39 64 bit 39
3 3 8.25
data Training seq data
Dummy 3 26 bit
3 8.25
Burst Training seq
Acce 41 bit
8 36 data 3 68.25
ss Training seq
Burst
Normal Burst
Tail bit
57 26 bit 57 8.25
3 3
Data bits Training seq Data bits Bit GP
Stealing Flags
Fig.
Frequency
F S B B B synchronization
Time
F S B B B
synchronizatio
n
F S B B B BCCH
Request
R R R R (Random access)
C C C C Grant
D D D
Full Rate Speech Coding
• Coder for 20ms segments - 120 bits at the
output.
• 13 Kbps.
•Unequal error protection:
Out of 260 bits
- 182 bits are protected.
- 78 bits are not protected.
Error Coding
78 182
A Block Encoder (53, 50)
G(D) = 1 + D+ D3
SW
D + D D +
First 50 bits
data
K – storage location
G0 = d4 + d3 + 1
G1 = d4 + d3 + d + 1
Class 1a Class 1b Class 2
Parity 50 bits 132 bits 78 bits
bits Tail bits
50 3 132 4 78
1. Block Interleaving:
Code words are written line by line to a matrix
and read column by column.??
8 (col) * 57 (row) matrix
2. Diagonal Interleaving
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
Discontinuous Transmission
• On an average speech actually lasts only 50% of the
time.
• So transmitter is kept off whenever there is no
speech.
• This reduces co-channel interference and saves
battery power.
• Voice Activity Detector (VAD) is used at the
transmitter, and Comfort Noise Generation (CNG)
is used at the receiver.
VAD
• Background noise is stationary over relatively long periods.
• Measure the deviations from the spectral characteristics of
the background noise.
CNG
• Comfort noise characteristics are matched to the transmitted
noise.