PHYSIOLOGY OF THYROID GLAND

THYROID GLAND SECRETIONS

Thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormones Thyroxine or Tetraiodothyronine 93% Triiodothyronine 7% Calcitonin: polypeptide hormone.

REGULATION OF THYROID HORMONE SECRETIONS

PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THYROID HORMONES EFFECT ON TRANSCRIPTION OF GENES Activates the nuclear transcription of large numbers of genes. The net result is generalized increase in Metabolic activity throughout the body.

METABOLIC EFFECTS OF THYROID HORMONES A. Carbohydrate Metabolism

Increase absorption of glucose from GIT Enhance glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and enhances diabetogenic effects of glucagon, cortisol and growth hormone. Enhancement of glucose utilization of peripheral tissues.

B. Protein Metabolism
T4 and T3 in physiological dosages stimulates protein synthesis, increasing anabolism of protein and causing positive nitrogen balance . C. Effect On fat metabolism Accelerate the oxidation of free fatty acids by cells. Promote synthesis of cholesterol. Also increase decomposition of cholesterol by liver cells. Net effect of T3 and T4 is to decrease plasma cholesterol concentration because the rate of synthesis is less than that of decomposition.

Calorigenic action of thyroid hormones

Increase O2 consumption . Increase in number and activity of mitochondria. Increasing heat production and BMR ( 60 to 100% above normal). Enhances Na+-K+ATPase activity. Makes cell membrane of most cells to become leaky to Na+ ions, which farther activates Na+ pump and increases heat production.

EFFECTS OF THE THYROID HORMONES ON DIFFERENT BODY SYSTEMS

EFFECT ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Increased blood flow and cardiac output. Increases heart rate. Increases heart strength.

EFFECT ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Increases rate and depth of respiration. EFFECTS OF THYROID HORMONE ON NERVOUS SYSTEM: Increases excitability of central nervous system. These hormones increases the rapidity of cerebration. These can also stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.

EFFECT OF THYROID HORMONES ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Essential for normal growth and development especially skeletal growth and development. Stimulate formation of dendrites, axons, myelin sheath and neuroglia. EFFECT ON GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT: Increase the appetite and food intake. Increase both the rate of secretion of the digestive juices and the motility of the gastrointestinal tract.

BIOCHEMISTRY OF THYROID HORMONES

CHEMISTRY OF THYROID HORMONES

Thyroid hormones are derivatives of the the amino acid tyrosine bound covalently to iodine.

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THYROID HORMONES

Transport & Protein Binding

Plasma proteins Thyroxin-binding Globulin Thyroxin-binding Prealbumin Albumin Free T3 and T4 is the physiologically active form .

EXCRETION
Both T3 and T4 also form glucuronide conjugates in the liver that are excreted via bile into feces.