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PHARMACEUTICAL
TRAINING
CLINICAL
PHARMACOLOGY
To calculate the precise effect that a drug will
have in the body, Clinical Pharmacology has
three components
♦ Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Exceretion
♦ Pharmacodynamics
Clinical effects
Mechanism of action
♦ Drug delivery system
Drug form
Drug formulation
route of administration
Oral cavity
Mouth
Pharynx
Tongue
Salivary
glands
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Pyloric
sphincter
Stomach
Gall-
bladder
Small
Pancreas intestine
Large
intestine
Rectum
Anus
Pharmacokinetics is the study of
distribution and movement of a drug to
the various compartments of the body
after absorption and its metabolism
and excretion
▼ Bioavailability of a medicinal product may be
regarded as the quantity of administered dose
which arrive in a therapeutic form at the site
where it will exert its biological action’
▼ Bioavailability of active ingredient of
medicinal product is dependent on it
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and
Excretion.
Bioavailability is often expressed in
%age of oral Vs IV & IV =100%)
▼ Absorption may be ▼ Metabolism the drug may
influenced by the drug then be chemically changed by
formulation or factors as the body into other, usually
acidity alkalinity and gut smaller, molecules, or
metabolites before excretion.
movement. Sometimes these metabolites are
▼ Distribution drug vary active in their own right.
Liver
Gall- Stomach
bladder
Bile
Pancreas
FIRST PASS EFFECT
▼ the first pass effect can be influence a drug’s bioavailability. when a
drug is absorbed orally the greater part is first carried to the liver via
portal circulation. if the drug is one that is normally broken down in
the liver, by the time it reaches the systemic circulation the amount
available at the site of action is considerably less than that absorbed.
This is known as (first pass) effect and must be taken into account
when considering relative dosage.
▼ With highly bioavailable drug, a good amount of administered dose
reaches the blood, increasing the chance of an optimum therapeutic
effect.
▼ The peak serum drug concentration is the maximum amount of drug
achieved in the blood and must reach therapeutic levels to have an
effect. In chronic conditions the aim of dosing regimes is to achieve
a steady state concentration maintaining serum drug concentrations
at a therapeutic level
T½ HALF - LIFE
▼ The half-life of a drug is the time taken for the
concentration to fall by 50% from peak values. It is a
resultant of distribution , metabolism and excretion and
may be complex.
oR
▼ Half –life time required for one half of the concentration of drug in
the blood to be eliminated from the body.
▼ Precise knowledge of bioavailability and pharmacokinetics may be
critically important for antibiotics used in the treatment of life-
threatening infections but it is of less consequence for mild
analgesics used for symptomatic relief of pain. It is particularly
important in designing dosage schedules and avoiding unnecessary
peaks ad troughs in blood concentrations
PHARMACODYNAMICS