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If the direction of the force and the distance moved are not in the same direction:
F
object
W = F s cos
The point of application of force, F moves distance s cos when the object moves through the distance s.
Question 1
Calculate the work done when a force of 5 kN moves through a distance of 30 cm work = force x distance = 5 kN x 30 cm = 5000 N x 0.30 m work = 1500 J
Question 2
Calculate the work done by a child of weight 300N who climbs up a set of stairs consisting of 12 steps each of height 20cm. work = force x distance the child must exert an upward force equal to its weight the distance moved upwards equals (12 x 20cm) = 2.4m work = 300 N x 2.4 m work = 720 J
Question 3
Calculate the work done by the wind on the yacht in the situation shown below:
distance moved by yacht = 50 m 30
wind force = 800 N
Complete:
Force Distance
Angle between F and s
Work
5 km 300 m 6m 3m
0 0 60 90
2 MJ 60 mJ 150 J 0J
Force-distance graphs
The area under the curve is equal to the work done.
force
F force
area = work done
distance
F s s
distance
Question
Calculate the work done by the brakes of a car if the force exerted by the brakes varies over the cars braking distance of 100 m as shown in the graph below.
force / kN 2 1 area B 50 100 distance / m area A
Energy (E)
Energy is needed to move objects, to change their shape or to warm them up. Work is a measurement of the energy required to do a particular task. work done = energy change
Conservation of Energy
The principle of the conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Energy can change from one form to another. All forms of energy are scalar quantities
Nuclear energy
Energy associated with nuclear reactions.
Electrical energy
Energy associated with electric charges.
Thermal energy
Energy due to a bodys temperature.
Elastic energy
Energy stored in an object when it is stretched or compressed.
Chemical energy
Energy associated with chemical reactions.
All of the above forms of energy (and others) can ultimately be considered to be variations of kinetic or potential energy.
Question 1
Calculate the kinetic energy of a car of mass 800 kg moving at 6 ms-1 EK = m v2 = x 800kg x (6ms-1)2 = x 800 x 36 = 400 x 36 kinetic energy = 14 400 J
Question 2
Calculate the speed of a car of mass 1200kg if its kinetic energy is 15 000J EK = m v2 15 000J = x 1200kg x v2 15 000 = 600 x v2 15 000 600 = v2 25 = v2 v = 25 speed = 5.0 ms-1
Question 3
Calculate the braking distance a car of mass 900 kg travelling at an initial speed of 20 ms-1 if its brakes exert a constant force of 3 kN.
Complete:
Mass Speed Kinetic energy
400 g
4.0 ms-1
3.2 J
3000 kg
8 kg 50 mg
10 kms-1
300 cms-1 12 ms-1
60 mJ
36 J 3.6 mJ
EP = m g h
Question
Calculate the change in g.p.e. when a mass of 200 g is lifted upwards by 30 cm. (g = 9.8 Nkg-1) EP = m g h = 200 g x 9.8 Nkg-1 x 30 cm = 0.200 kg x 9.8 Nkg-1 x 0.30 m change in g.p.e. = 0.59 J
Complete:
mass 3 kg 200 g 7 kg 2000 g g 10 Nkg-1 1.6 Nkg-1 10 Nkg-1 24 Nkg-1 h 400 cm 30 m 4000 m 3000 mm EP 120 J 9.6 J 280 kJ 144 J
Falling objects
If there is no significant air resistance then the initial gravitational energy of an object is transferred into kinetic energy. EK = EP m v2 = m g h
m h v1 gpe = ke gpe = mgh ke = mv12 gpe = 0 ke = mv22 ke = mgh gpe = mgh ke = 0
h
v2
Question
A child of mass 40 kg climbs up a wall of height 2.0 m and then steps off. Assuming no significant air resistance calculate the maximum: (a) gpe of the child (b) speed of the child g = 9.8 Nkg-1
Power (P)
Power is the rate of transfer of energy.
power = energy transfer time P = E t unit: watt (W) power is a scalar quantity
Question 1
Calculate the power of an electric motor that lifts a mass of 50 kg upwards by 3.0 m in 20 seconds. g = 9.8 Nkg-1
Question 2
Calculate the power of a car engine that exerts a force of 40 kN over a distance of 20 m for 10 seconds.
Complete:
energy transfer 600 J 440 J 28 800 J 2.5 mJ work done 600 J 440 J 28 800 J 2.5 mJ time 2 mins 20 s 2 hours 50 s power 5W 22 W 4W 50 W
Question
Calculate the power of a car that maintains a constant speed of 30 ms-1 against air resistance forces of 2 kN
Energy efficiency
Energy efficiency is a measure of how usefully energy is used by a device.
efficiency =
useful energy transferred by the device
total energy supplied to the device As the useful energy can never be greater than the energy supplied the maximum efficiency possible is 1.0
Also:
efficiency = useful work output energy supplied
efficiency =
In all cases:
percentage efficiency = efficiency x 100
Complete
Input energy (J) Useful energy (J) Wasted energy (J) Efficiency Percentage efficiency
100
250
40
50
50
80 60 60
0.20
30%