TCAS

NBAA 2003
Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

NBAA 2003
Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System
Civil Aviation Flight University of China

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The TCAS, short for traffic-alert and collision avoidance system, is an independent system; it can perform its functions completely without the assistance of any ground system. Such independence is necessary in oceanic and other non-radar airspace. TCAS is an advisory system designed to alert the flight crew to potential conflicts with other transponder-equipped airplanes flying in the same area. If these other airplanes which are usually called intruders, are equipped with an air traffic control radar beacon system ATCRBS or mode S transponder, they will be interrogated and tracked by TCAS.

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Currently, there are three versions of the TCAS system in use or in some stage of development; TCAS I, II, and VI. TCAS II provides TAs as well as RAsbut only involves vertical evasive movement. In addition, the TCAS II system exchanges data with other TCAS II or higher level systems to coordinate resolution advisories. This is to prevent two TCAS equipped aircraft from executing the same evasive maneuver. TCAS I is a similar system to TCAS II but it is intended for smaller airplanes and does not provide vertical corrective information. TCAS IV provides TAs and RAs involving both vertical and horizontal maneuvers.

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TCAS II is the most common system and provides the necessary vertical manoeuvre advice. In accordance with the Joint Airworthiness Requirements, as of the year 2000, all commercial aeroplanes over 15 000 kg, and with a seating capacity of 30 or more passengers, when operating in European airspace, must carry TCAS II.

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TCAS II system
The TCAS system consists of an ATC/TCAS control panel, a TCAS computer and directional antennae. The system requires that an operating mode S transponder be installed in the TCAS airplane. The TCAS system interfaces with other navigation systems and uses EFIS displays for visual advisories and the digital audio control system for aural advisories.
Directional Antenna Omni-directional Antenna
Display ATC/TCAS Control Panel Mode S XPDR
TCAS Computer
Other Navigation Systems
Omni-directional Antenna
Figure 7.1
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TCAS Computer The TCAS computer contains a receiver, a transmitter and processors required to determine if nearby airplanes (intruders) will intersect the flight path of the TCAS equipped airplane (own airplane). The TCAS computer interrogates airplanes in the airspace around its own airplane on a frequency of 1,030 MHz, and the computer receives responses to its interrogations on a frequency of 1,090 MHz. The computer uses these responses to track intruders and display the intruders bearing and range, and to require vertical avoidance maneuver of the flight crew.
TCAS Computer
Figure 7.1
Omni-directional Antenna Omni-directional Antenna

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Antenna TCAS-II installations require top and bottom antennae. The top antenna must be directional and have direction finding capability. The bottom antenna may be either omni-directional or directional. The associated Mode-S transponders installations also require top and bottom antennae. The Mode-S transponder has two complete receivers, one per antenna.
TCAS Computer
Figure 7.1
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ATC Transponder The ATC transponder receives pulse-coded signals from air traffic control ground stations and TCAS equipped airplanes. These signals are interrogations. The transponder responds to the interrogations with pulse-coded signals.
Directional Antenna
TCAS Computer
Figure 7.1
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ATC/TCAS Control Panel The ATC/TCAS control panel controls both the ATC and TCAS systems. The control panel is directly connected to the ATC transponder. The mode S transponder sends control information to the TCAS computer.
Directional Antenna
TCAS Computer
Figure 7.1
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Display All information from the TCAS computer concerning responding aircraft transponders is displayed on an electronic vertical speed indicator (VSI) or on the EFIS display. TCAS audio TCAS audio is sent to the digital audio control system to be heard in the flight compartment.
TCAS Computer
Figure 7.1
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TCAS II principle of operation

Basic Principles of TCAS The TCAS computer forms a protected area around own airplane. This protected area represents the time until the intruder will be at closest point of approach to own airplane. This time to endanger is called TAU. The protected area is called the TAU area. Traffic advisory TAU (TA TAU) defines an area around the TCAS airplane. If this area is penetrated by intruder and the intruder meets the relative altitude restrictions, the TCAS would issue a traffic advisory alert. Resolution advisory TAU is established for RA warning in a similar manner.
CPA RA 1535s 2048s TA 2048s CPA 1535s
Traffic Advisory TAU
Figure 7.2
Resolution Advisory TAU
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Basic Principles of TCAS A TA is normally issued 5 to 20 seconds in advance of the resolution advisory (RA). The RA is issued when time to closest point of approach (CPA) is between 15 and 35 seconds. It is rare, but possible, for a RA to be issued without being preceded by a TA.
CPA RA 1535s 2048s TA 2048s CPA 1535s
Traffic Advisory TAU
Resolution Advisory TAU
Figure 7.2
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Basic Principles of TCAS TCAS performs interrogations of intruder airplane transponders and computes the intruders range to own airplane and the rate of change of the range (closure rate).
If the intruder is reporting its altitude, the TCAS computer computes the relative altitude and the rate of change of altitude of the intruder. Using replies received by the TCAS directional antenna, the TCAS computer determines the bearing to the intruder. From these data TCAS tracks and continuously evaluates the threat potential of intruders to its own airplane. TCAS provides Traffic Advisories (TA) and Resolution Advisories (RA) to the flight crew.
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TCAS II principle of operation TCAS Advisories A traffic advisory informs the flight crew of the relative position (distance and usually bearing) of intruders. In addition to relative position, the traffic advisory display shows the intruders relative altitude. When appropriate, TCAS provides resolution advisory. The resolution advisory only prescribes maneuvers in the vertical plane.
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TCAS Transmission/Reception
The TCAS computer exhibits the characteristics similar to an ATCRBS/mode S ground station. It uses interrogation and reply signals from transponders to detect and track intruders. TCAS transmits and receives signals on a top and a bottom directional antenna.
Interrogation of transponders is performed on 1,030 MHz and reception of return signals is accomplished on 1,090 MHz.
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TCAS II principle of operation TCAS Detection TCAS only detects the presence of intruders equipped with operating transponders. Resolution advisories are issued only concerning intruders with active altitude reporting. Intruders with active transponders but not reporting their altitude will be tracked and processed for traffic advisories only.
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TCAS Detection Mode S transponders announce their presence by transmitting a downlink message containing the airplanes mode S, 24 bit address approximately once every second. This transmission is called squitter. TCAS determines the mode S address of mode S intruders by listening for the squitter transmissions or by listening for mode S replies to all call interrogations from ground stations. TCAS will add the intruder to its roll call and interrogate and track the intruder using mode S interrogations. TCAS actively searches for ATCRBS mode C transponder equipped intruders using an ATCRBS only all call.
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TCAS II principle of operation TCAS Detection If the intruder aircraft is equipped with TCAS II, the two TCAS computers are able to coordinate the resolution advisories in each aircraft to achieve optimum separation, with the least disruption to either. This is designed to ensure that both flight crews do not take the same avoiding action and worsen the danger of collision.
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TCAS Displays
All information from the TCAS computer concerning responding aircraft transponders is displayed on an electronic vertical speed indicator (VSI) or on the EFIS display. TCAS Displays on Electronic VSI
Other Traffic Target .5 Own Airplane Symbol 0 Proximate Traffic Target .5 1
-03 +12 -05
TA2.0+02
Green Arc 1 2 RNG 10 4 6 6 4 RA Target
2 TA Target
Red Arc
No Bearing
2 NM Range Ring
Figure 7.3
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There are four alternative intruder symbols, indicating the threat potential presented and the vertical movement of the intruder.
Green Arc Other Traffic Target .5 Own Airplane Symbol 0 Proximate Traffic Target .5 1
-03 +12 -05
TA2.0+02
2 RNG 10 4 6 6 4 RA Target
2 TA Target
Red Arc
No Bearing
2 NM Range Ring
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An open diamond symbol in white or cyan. Traffic beyond 6 nm range or more than 1200 ft vertical separation. It is called other traffic target. A solid diamond symbol in white or cyan. Traffic within 6 nm range, but not computed to present a threat. It is called proximate traffic target. A solid circle in amber. It is called traffic advisory target. A solid square in red. It is called resolution advisory target.
-03 +12 -05
TA2.0+02
2 TA Target
Red Arc
No Bearing
2 NM Range Ring
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Provided that the intruder aircraft is responding with SSR mode C or S, the symbol will show the relative altitude numerically in hundreds of feet. If the intruder is above or below the interrogating aircraft, the numeric annotation will be preceded by a plus or minus sign. If the relative altitude of the intruder is changing by more the 500 ft per minute, it is emphasized by an accompanying arrow pointing up or down, as appropriate. Green Arc
Other Traffic Target .5 Own Airplane Symbol 0 Proximate Traffic Target .5 1
-03 +12 -05
TA2.0+02
2 TA Target
Red Arc
No Bearing
2 NM Range Ring
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TCAS Displays on Electronic VSI
The circular scale has colored arcs superimposed upon it to indicate safe and unsafe climb and descent rate areas when a resolution advisory exists. Unsafe areas are indicated by a narrow red arc; the advised rate of change of altitude by a broad green arc.
-03 +12 -05
TA2.0+02
2 TA Target
Red Arc
No Bearing
2 NM Range Ring
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TCAS Displays on Electronic VSI There are two types of RAs, Corrective and preventive. Corrective RAs instruct the pilot to climb or descend at a predetermined rate to avoid a conflict. Preventive RAs instruct the pilot not to change altitude or heading to avoid a potential conflict.
1 .5 0 .5 1 2
+05
2 4 6 6 4 0 .5 .5
2 4
-05
6 6 4
1 .5 0 .5 1
+03
2 4 6 6 4 2 0 .5
2 4 6 6 4
-03
.5 1 2
Figure 7.4
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1 .5 0
-03
2 4 6 6 4 0 .5 .5
2 4
+06
1 .5 6 6 4 0 .5 1
+05
2 4 6 6 4 2
.5 1 2
1 .5 0
2 4 6 6 4 0 .5 .5
1
+05
2 4
-08
1 .5 6 6 4
+08
2 4 6 6
-04
-04
0 .5 1 2 4
.5 1 2
Figure 7.5
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TCAS Displays on EFIS
In EFIS equipped aircraft the intruder symbols are displayed on the EHSI and the RA avoidance maneuver is shown by the command bars on the EADI.
GS 262 TAS 300 30 /20

0
180
11:55
10
10
RNG 10
10
10
CRL
281
Resolution Advisory (red)
Figure 7.6
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10
10
10
10
10 20
10 20
10 20
10 20
20 10
20 10
10
10
10 10 10 20
10 20
Figure 7.7
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10 10 10
10
10 10 20 10 20 20
10 20
20 10
20 10
10
10
10 10 10 20
10 20
Figure 7.8
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TCAS Aural Messages Traffic Alert Aural Message TRAFFIC, TRAFFIC is announced at the time each traffic advisory is issued. This announcement directs the flight crew to monitor TCAS display as an aid to visually acquiring the intruder. The traffic advisory may be a new intruder or a other or proximity intruder which has been upgraded to a traffic advisory. Normally a traffic advisory will precede a resolution advisory by 15 seconds.
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TCAS Aural Messages Resolution Advisory Aural Messages Preventive Resolution Advisory Aural Message When the EADI airplane symbol is not inside the resolution advisory pitch command, the advisory is preventative. This advisory requires no flight crew action other than ensuring that the airplane symbol does not cross the resolution advisory pitch command. The aural command, MONITOR VERTICAL SPEED, MONITOR VERTICAL SPEED, tells the flight crew to maintain the current vertical rate.
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TCAS Aural Messages

Corrective Resolution Advisory Aural Message (initial action) When the EADI airplane symbol is inside the resolution advisory pitch command, the advisory is corrective. The aural command CLIMB, CLIMB, CLIMB (or DESCEND) requires a maneuver at the rate indicated by the pitch command, nominally 1500 feet per minute. CLIMB, CROSSING CLIMBCLIMB, CROSSING CLIMB(or DESCEND) indicates that own airplane flight path will cross the intruder flight path when performing the maneuver.
The aural command REDUCE CLIMBREDUCE CLIMB (or DESCENT) tells the flight crew to reduce the rate of vertical speed to that shown on the EADI.
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TCAS Aural Messages

Corrective Resolution Advisory Aural Messages (increased action) Increased action, corrective resolution advisory commands are changes from initial action corrective resolution advisory commands. These commands require flight crew action immediately. The aural command CLIMB, CLIMB NOWCLIMB, CLIMB NOW (or DESCEND) follows a descend (climb) advisory and it has been determined by the TCAS computer that a reversal of vertical speed is necessary to provide adequate airplane separation. The aural INCREASE CLIMBINCREASE CLIMB (or DESCENT) tells the flight crew to increase the vertical maneuver to the pitch command indicated on the EADI, nominally 2500 feet per minute.
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TCAS Aural Messages

End of Threat Aural Message The announcement CLEAR OF CONFLICT indicates that the TCAS encounter has ended and the intruder range has started to increase. At this time the flight crew should return to the previous clearance. Self-Test Aural Messages At the end of a TCAS self-test, the TCAS computer announces TCAS SYSTEM TEST OK if the TCAS system has passed the BITE test, TCAS SYSTEM FAIL if the TCAS computer has failed, or TCAS SYSTEM TEST FAIL if an input to the TCAS computer has failed.
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400
600
1000
200
400
Dallas
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Control Panel
Control for the TCAS II system is normally provided on a combined ATC/TCAS controller.
XPDR FAIL XPDR 1 2
A T C
1 2
2034
IDENT
XPDR ON STBY TA TA /RA
T C A S
ALT SOURCE
TCAS TEST
Figure 7.9
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XPDR FAIL XPDR 1 2
A T C
1 2
2034
IDENT
T C A S
ALT SOURCE
TCAS TEST
The four-position mode selector switch allows selection of STBY, XPDR, TA ONLY, and TA/RA. The TEST button starts a self-test of the control panel, the ATC, and the TCAS system. The status of the control panel (PASS or FAIL) will be shown in the display window. STBY inhibits the transponder from replying.
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XPDR FAIL XPDR 1 2
A T C
1 2
2034
IDENT
T C A S
ALT SOURCE
TCAS TEST
The two-position XPDR select switch selects which transponder shall be active. The two identification code select switches are comprised of inner and outer controls and are used to select the four digit identification code. The four digit octal code ranges from 0000 to 7777 and appeals in the liquid crystal display window along with ATC 1 or ATC 2 (whichever is selected as the active transponder).
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XPDR FAIL XPDR 1 2
A T C
1 2
2034
IDENT
T C A S
ALT SOURCE
TCAS TEST
The two position of ALT SOURSE switch allows selection of ADC 1 or ADC 2 as the source for altitude for mode C replies. The amber XPDR fail light comes on for a failed ATC system. Pressing IDENT button turns on a special pulse to be added to the transponder replies for approximately 18 seconds that aids the ground station in identifying the airplane.
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Crew Response
For TCAS II to be effective, the pilot: must not maneuver on the basis of the Traffic Display or Traffic Advisory; must not maneuver horizontally; must obey all TCAS RAs and RA changes including sense reversals; must initiate the first maneuver required by a RA within 5 seconds of the RA being given; must initiate any subsequent maneuvers required by RA changes within 2.5 seconds of the RA change; and conduct all maneuvers so as to generate a vertical acceleration of one quarter of 1 g (0.25 g).
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Crew Response
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If the aircraft is under Air Traffic control when a TCAS resolution advisory is received, the pilot is required to obey the TCAS command and inform ATC TCAS climb/descent as appropriate. Upon receipt of the TCAS message clear of conflict, the aircraft must be returned to the ATC assigned flight level. Should a maneuver instruction be received from both TCAS and ATC simultaneously, the pilot is required to obey the TCAS instruction and advise ATC accordingly.
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Crew Response
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At radio altitudes of less than 1000 ft the TCAS will not give a resolution advisory involving a descent, and below 1500 ft AGL it will not recommend an increased rate of descent. All resolution advisories are inhibited at radio altitudes of less than 500 ft, and traffic advisories at less than 400 ft. It is usual for GPWS alerts and warnings to take precedence over TCAS, and a windshear warning will be awarded the highest priority.
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The Use of TCAS

TCAS provides no protection against aircraft which either do not have a transponder or the transponder is not switched on. To maximize the effectiveness of TCAS, all aircraft should be equipped with a transponder and the transponder should be used whenever the aircraft is in flight. A Mode A/C transponder with pressure altitude encoder is sufficient to provide maximum protection in an encounter with a TCAS I/II equipped aircraft. TCAS can only display the relative altitude of a threat aircraft and TCAS II can only generate RAs if the threat aircraft is replying Pressure Altitude.
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The Use of TCAS

Transponder control panels have provision to switch off pressure altitude reporting. This provision is used to allow pilots to disable pressure altitude reporting when the pressure altitude data is known to be erroneous. To maximize the effectiveness of TCAS, all aircraft should operate at all times with their transponder on and altitude reporting enabled.
Altitude reporting accuracy is verified by ATC. Should this validation fail, the pilot is instructed to disable altitude reporting, the transponder should remain on. The failure should be recorded in the maintenance log.
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TCAS
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TCAS

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NBAA 2003

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System

Civil Aviation Flight University of China

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

Civil Aviation Flight University of China

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

Civil Aviation Flight University of China

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

Civil Aviation Flight University of China

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

Display ATC/TCAS Control Panel Mode S XPDR

Other Navigation Systems

Civil Aviation Flight University of China

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

Display ATC/TCAS Control Panel Mode S XPDR

Other Navigation Systems

Civil Aviation Flight University of China

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

Display ATC/TCAS Control Panel Mode S XPDR

Other Navigation Systems

Civil Aviation Flight University of China

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

Display ATC/TCAS Control Panel Mode S XPDR

Other Navigation Systems

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

Display ATC/TCAS Control Panel Mode S XPDR

Other Navigation Systems

Civil Aviation Flight University of China

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

Display ATC/TCAS Control Panel Mode S XPDR

Other Navigation Systems

Civil Aviation Flight University of China

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

TCAS II principle of operation

CPA RA 1535s 2048s TA 2048s CPA 1535s

Traffic Advisory TAU

Civil Aviation Flight University of China

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

TCAS II principle of operation

CPA RA 1535s 2048s TA 2048s CPA 1535s

Traffic Advisory TAU

Resolution Advisory TAU

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

TCAS II principle of operation

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

Civil Aviation Flight University of China

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

TCAS II principle of operation

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

Civil Aviation Flight University of China

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

TCAS II principle of operation

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

Civil Aviation Flight University of China

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

Green Arc 1 2 RNG 10 4 6 6 4 RA Target

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

Civil Aviation Flight University of China

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

Civil Aviation Flight University of China

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)

Civil Aviation Flight University of China

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)