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13
= mas s F) (
Work done by net ext. force
2
0
2
2
1
2
1
) ( mv mv s F
f
=
Work done by
net ext. force
Final KE Initial KE
14
The Work-Energy Theorem
When a net external force does work W on
an object, the kinetic energy of the object
changes from its initial value of KE
0
to a final
value of KE
f
, the difference between the two
values being equal to the work:
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
1
mv mv KE KE W
f f
= =
15
Example 4. Deep Space 1
16
The space probe Deep Space 1 was launched October 24,
1998. Its mass was 474kg. The goal of the mission was to
test a new kind of engine called an ion propulsion drive,
which generates only a weak thrust, but can do so for
long periods of time using only small amounts of fuel. The
mission has been spectacularly successful. Consider the
probe traveling at an initial speed of v
0
=275m/s. No forces
act on it except the 56.0-mN thrust of its engine. This
external force F is directed parallel to the displacement s
of magnitude 2.42
*
10
9
m. Determine the final speed of the
probe, assuming that the mass remains nearly constant.
17
) 10 42 . 2 ( 0 cos ) 10 0 . 56 ( ) cos (
9 3
m N s F W = =
u
=1.36
*
10
8
J
2 8
0
) / 275 )( 474 (
2
1
) 10 36 . 1 ( s m kg J KE W KE
f
+ = + =
=1.54
*
10
8
J
m
KE
v
f
f
) ( 2
=
kg
J
474
) 10 54 . 1 ( 2
8
=
=806 m/s
18
Example 5. Downhill Skiing
19
A 58 kg skier is coasting down a 25
0
slope. A kinetic
frictional force of magnitude f
k
=70N opposes her
motion. Near the top of the slope, the skiers speed
is v
0
=3.6m/s. Ignoring air resistance, determine the
speed v
f
at a point that is displaced 57m downhill.
N s m kg f mg F
k
70 25 sin ) / 80 . 9 )( 58 ( 25 sin
2
= =
=+170 N
20
KE
f
=W+KE
0
=9700J+(1/2)(58kg)(3.6m/s)
2
=10100J
m
KE
v
f
f
) ( 2
=
s m
kg
J
/ 19
58
) 10100 ( 2
= =
= = =
The angle between the force and the displacement is 0 for
the pulling force (it points in the same direction as the
displacement) and 180 for the frictional force (it points
opposite to the displacement). Equation 4.8 indicates that the
magnitude of the frictional force is f
k
=
k
F
N
, and we know
that the magnitude of the normal force is F
N
= mg. With these
substitutions the work-energy theorem becomes
( ) ( )
2
1
2
k
pull
f
cos 0 cos180 P s mg s mv
W
W
+ =
73
Problem 26
REASONING The work done by the weight of
the basketball is given by Equation 6.1
as , where F = mg is the
magnitude of the weight, u is the angle
between the weight and the displacement, and
s is the magnitude of the displacement. The
drawing shows that the weight and
displacement are parallel, so that u = 0. The
potential energy of the basketball is given by
Equation 6.5 as PE = mgh, where h is the
height of the ball above the ground.
( )
cos W F s u =
s
mg
6.1 m
1.5 m
=0.6g
74
SOLUTION
a. The work done by the weight of the basketball is
( )
cos W F s u = = mg (cos 0)(h
0
h
f
)
= (0.60 kg)(9.80 m/s
2
)(6.1 m 1.5 m) =
27 J
b. The potential energy of the ball, relative to the ground,
when it is released is
PE
0
= mgh
0
= (0.60 kg)(9.80 m/s
2
)(6.1 m) =
36 J
75
d. The change in the balls gravitational potential energy is
APE = PE
f
PE
0
= 8.8 J 36 J = 27 J
We see that the change in the gravitational potential
energy is equal to 27 J = , where W is the work
done by the weight of the ball (see part a).
W
c. The potential energy of the ball, relative to the ground,
when it is caught is
PE
f
= mgh
f
= (0.60 kg)(9.80 m/s
2
)(1.5 m) =
8.8 J
76
Problem 34
Total mechanical energy
conserved?
2 2
1 1
f f 0 0
2 2
mv mgh mv mgh + = +
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
f 0
2
14.0 m/s 13.0 m/s
1.4 m
2 9.80 m/s
h h
= =
Yes (Wconservative
F
N
displacement)
77
Problem 41
REASONING Friction and
air resistance are being
ignored. The normal force
from the slide is
perpendicular to the motion,
so it does no work. Thus, no
net work is done by non-
conservative forces, and the
principle of conservation of
mechanical energy applies.
78
SOLUTION Applying the principle of conservation of
mechanical energy to the swimmer at the top and the bottom
of the slide, we have
1
2
mv
f
2
+ mgh
f
E
f
=
1
2
mv
0
2
+ mgh
0
E
0
If we let h be the height of the bottom of the slide above the
water, , and . Since the swimmer starts from
rest, m/s, and the above expression becomes
1
2
v
f
2
+ gh = gH
v
0
=0
h
f
= h h
0
= H
79
Solving for H, we obtain
H = h+
v
f
2
2g
Before we can calculate H, we must find and h.
Since the velocity in the horizontal direction is
constant,
v
f
=
Ax
At
=
5.00 m
0.500 s
=10.0 m/s
v
f
80
The vertical displacement of the swimmer after
leaving the slide is, from Equation 3.5b (with down
being negative),
Therefore, h = 1.23 m. Using these values of and h
in the above expression for H, we find
H = h+
v
f
2
2g
=1.23 m+
(10.0 m/s)
2
2(9.80 m/s
2
)
= 6.33 m
v
f
( )( ) m s s m t a y
y
23 . 1 500 . 0 / 80 . 9
2
1
2
1
2
2 2
= = =
81
Problem 43
C
2
F
mv
T mg
r
=
r
mv
mg T
2
+ =
r
r
60
rcos60
PE=0
This is the max tension.
82
REASONING AND SOLUTION At the bottom of the
circular path of the swing, the centripetal force is
provided by the tension in the rope less the weight of the
swing and rider. That is,
C
2
F
mv
T mg
r
=
Solving for the mass yields
2
T
m
v
g
r
=
+
83
The energy of the swing is conserved if friction is ignored.
The initial energy, E
0
, when the swing is released is
completely potential energy and is E
0
= mgh
0
,
Conservation of energy
PE
ini
+ KE
ini
= PE
f
+ KE
f
h
0
= r (1 cos 60.0) =
1
2
r
r=2h
0
mgh
0
+ 0 = 0 + (1/2)mv
f
2
0
= 2 v gh gr =
f
84
The expression for the mass now becomes
( )
2
2
8.00 10 N
40.8 kg
2
2 9.80 m/s
T
m
g
= = =
g
r
gh
T
g
r
v
T
m
+
=
+
=
0
2
2
g
T
g g
T
2
=
+
=
85
Problem 48
m=0.75kg
18.0 m/s
No air friction.
86
a. Since there is no air friction, the only force that acts on the
projectile is the conservative gravitational force (its weight). The
initial and final speeds of the ball are known, so the
conservation of mechanical energy can be used to find the
maximum height that the projectile attains.
The conservation of mechanical energy, as expressed by
Equation 6.9b, states that
2 2
1 1
f f 0 0
2 2
0
f
mv mgh mv mgh
E E
+ = +
87
The mass m can be eliminated algebraically from this
equation since it appears as a factor in every term. Solving
for the final height h
f
gives
( )
2 2
1
0 f
2
f 0
v v
h h
g
= +
Setting h
0
= 0 m and v
f
= 0 m/s, the final height, in the
absence of air resistance, is
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
o f
f
2
18.0 m/ s 0 m/s
16.5 m
2
2 9.80 m/ s
v v
h
g
= = =
88
The work-energy theorem is
( )
( )
2 2
1 1
nc f 0 f 0
2 2
W mv mv mgh mgh = +
b. When air resistance, a non-conservative force, is present, it
does negative work on the projectile and slows it down.
Consequently, the projectile does not rise as high as when there
is no air resistance. The work-energy theorem, in the form of
Equation 6.6, may be used to find the work done by air friction.
Then, using the definition of work, Equation 6.1, the average
force due to air resistance can be found.
89
where W
nc
is the non-conservative work done by air
resistance. According to Equation 6.1, the work can be
written as , where is the average
force of air resistance. As the projectile moves upward, the
force of air resistance is directed downward, so the angle
between the two vectors is u = 180 and cos u = 1. The
magnitude s of the displacement is the difference between
the final and initial heights, s = h
f
h
0
= 11.8 m. With these
substitutions, the work-energy theorem becomes
s F W R
nc
) 180 cos ( =
( )
( )
2 2
1
R f o f 0
2
F s m v v mg h h = +
R
F
90
Solving for gives
R
F
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
1
f o f 0
2
R
2 2
2
1
2
0.750 kg 0 m/s 18.0 m/s 0.750 kg 9.80 m/s 11.8 m
2.9 N
11.8 m
m v v mg h h
F
s
+
=
(
+
= =
91
Problem 57
REASONING AND SOLUTION One is the amount of
work or energy generated when one kilowatt of power
is supplied for a time of one hour. From
Equation 6.10a, we know that . Using the fact
that and that 1h = 3600 s, we have
W Pt =
1 kW= 1.0 10
3
J/s
1.0 kWh = (1.0 10
3
J/s)(1 h) = (1.0 10
3
J/s)(3600 s) = 3.6 10
6
J
92
Problem 60
REASONING AND SOLUTION
a. The power developed by the engine is
P = Fv = (2.00 - 10
2
N)(20.0 m/s) =
4.00 10
3
W
mg
37
friction
93
The power developed by the engine is then
P = Fv = (F
a
+ mg sin 37.0)v
P = [2.00 - 10
2
N + (2.50 - 10
2
kg)(9.80 m/s
2
)sin 37.0](20.0 m/s)
3.3510
4
W
=
b. The force required of the engine in order to
maintain a constant speed up the slope is
F = F
a
+ mg sin 37.0