Documenti di Didattica
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Introduction Definition
INDEX
Development of tall building Basic charactersitics of tall buildings Basic design considerations of skyscrapers Loading and vibration Shear walls Steel frame
Tube frame
Graphical representations The elevator conundrum
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determining factors for buildings to become higher are mainly the economic and social factors, although human ego and competition are still playing a role. The history of the development of tall buildings can be broadly classified into three periods. The first period saw
Most of the tall buildings were masonry wall bearing structures with thick and messy walls. The vertical and lateral loads of these structures were mainly resisted by the load bearing masonry walls. The Manadnock Building (Chicago 1891 Figure 4) for example was built with 2.13 m thick masonry walls at the ground level. The area occupied by the walls of this building at the ground level is 15% of the
FIRST PERIOD
SECOND PERIOD
THIRD PERIOD
FIRST PERIOD
Most of these building were masonry wall bearing structures with thick and messy walls. Vertical and lateral loads were resisted by the load bearing masonry walls. Reduced floor area Lightings and ventilation problems
FIRST PERIOD
FIRST PERIOD
SECOND PERIOD
Removal of steel structures and sophisticated servoces . Eg: lifts
SECOND PERIOD
SECOND PERIOD
THIRD PERIOD
Modernism in construction history - reinforced concrete Focus is on # reasons # functional # Technological faces Transition of structural system from rigid frame to more efficient structural system. Using of concepts like channeling gravity , wind loads using two or more structural systems.
THIRD PERIOD
Tall buildings
First buildings to be tested in a turbulent boundary-layer flow wind tunnel (mid 1960s)
It involves creating safe, habitable spaces in very tall building. The building must support their weight, resist wind, protect from fire.
A small chance of catastrophic failure will result in huge loss. The only way to reduce risks is to test all possibilities both in laboratory and in real world. Possible failures can be studied from past history.
Load of structure
HIGHER LEVEL
LOWER
MIDDLE LEVEL
MIDIAM
LOWER LEVEL
HIGH
SHEAR WALLS
Shear wall is a wall where the entire material f the wall is employed in the resistance of both horizontal and vertical loads. Eg: brick , cinderblock wall Suitable for small constructions, such as Surban housing or an urban brownstone. It tend to be used only in conjunction with other support systems
STEEL FRAME
Classical concept of a skyscraper is a large steel box with many small boxes inside it. To avoid inefficiencies of a shear wall, a skyscraper could be built with both horizontal and vertical supports throughout.
Disadvantages supported. more material must be
TUBE FRAME
A three dimensional space structure composed of three, four , or possibly more frames, braced frames, or shear walls, joined at or near their edges to form a vertical tube like structural system capable of resisting lateral forces in any direction by cantilevering from the foundation.
- FAZLUR KHAN AND J. RANKINE
The tall building developments have been rapidly increasing worldwide. The design and construction of Skyscrapers involves creating safe, habitable spaces in very tall buildings. The building must support their weight, resist wind and earthquakes and protect occupants from fire. They must also be conveniently accessible even on the upper floors and provide utilities and a comfortable climate for the occupants. The problems posed in skyscraper design are considered among the most complex encountered given the balances required between economics, engineering and construction management.