EN0567 Power Machines and Renewable Energy KDU College Penang

Topic Learning Outcome

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Explain principles of Transformer Describe types and constructions of Transformer Describe the Ideal Transformer and Real Transformer with loses

Define Transformer Efficiency and Voltage Regulation

Explain Transformer Impedance Transformation

Explain Transformer Equivalent Circuits

Explain Transformer Open and Short Circuit Tests Tutorial 3

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Transformer
The transformer is not Electric Machine but is an electrical device that is closely related. They operates on the same principles as generators and motors, i.e. actions of magnetic field.

Transformer converts AC electrical energy at one voltage level to AC electrical energy at another voltage level.

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Use of transformers
Common transformers

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Principles of transformer
AC (Alternating Current) is selected because it can be readily stepped (transformed) upward or downward in voltage by means of transformers. Transformers are inductances coupled together by their mutual magnetic fields, or Mutual Inductance. (work by Michael Faraday 1791-1867)

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Principles of transformer (contd)

A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (emf), or Voltage in the secondary winding.

This effect is called MUTUAL INDUCTION.

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Principles of transformer (contd)

Definition : A transformer can be defined as a device that transfer power from its primary circuit to its secondary circuit with very little loss.
Power Line Symbols

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Principles of transformer (contd)

Lenzs Law states that the emf induced opposes the changes that produce it. In other words, the polarity of the induced Voltage is such that the voltage would produce a current (through an external resistance) that opposes the original change of flux linkage. The induced Voltage (V) in a circuit depends upon: a)The amount of flux linkage (), and b) Rate of change of the flux linkage (d/dt ) Note: = N. ,where N is the number of turns of the coil is magnetic flux (Weber) passing through surface bounded by the coil. V = d/dt =N.d/dt
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Principles of transformer (contd)

When the flux linking a coil changes, a voltage is induced in the coil. The polarity of the voltage is such that if a circuit is formed by placing a resistance across the coil terminals, the resulting current produces a field that tends to oppose the original change in the field.

Note: B is Magnetic Flux Density, which is defined as flux per unit area. Unit measurement is Tesla or Weber/m2.
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Construction of transformer
A simple transformer consists of two windings very tightly coupled together, usually with an iron core, but electrically insulated from each other. It is desirable to get the magnetic flux coupling between the two windings as high as possible. The degree of coupling is called coupling efficiency. i.e. how many percent of the flux lines from the primary winding cut the secondary winding.

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Construction of transformer

Iron Core has a relative permeability (r) in the order of 5000 to 6000 times compares to Air.
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Construction of transformer (contd)

Both coils are usually wound on an iron core so that the path of the flux lines can be controlled and kept where desired. A special alloy of silicon steel is commonly used for transformer cores.

Types of core:

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Construction of transformer (contd)

Power Transformer Small Transformer

Auto Transformer

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Autotransformer

Autotransformer are best suited is we need to change the voltage levels by only a small amount. E.g. 230V to 240V, 13.2kV to 13.8kV. Not all the power travelling from primary to secondary goes through the windings. As a result, Autotransformer can handle much more power than conventional transformer. Typically autotransformer of the same power rating as conventional one could be 5x smaller and also much less expensive. Main disadvantage is that the electrical isolation of the two sides is lost.
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Autotransformer

Step-down

Step-up

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Construction of transformer (contd)

It is possible to use 3 single-phase transformers or one common-core three-phase transformer.

The latter saves space and cost but not flexible and gives higher down-time.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Three-phase_transformer_EI_core_flux_animation_full_pulse.gif

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Ideal Transformer
Assuming an ideal (no loss) transformer:

A)Voltage Ratio

B)Current Ratio

C)Power:

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Transformer Losses
1. Copper Loss : Loss from resistance of (copper) wire in windings of transformer. L= IR 2. Flux Leakage Loss: flux lines that leak from windings or core such that they do not link between primary and secondary. 3. Hysteresis Loss: When current reverses, there is energy needed to reverse the magnetic alignment of the core. This energy is not available in the secondary, hence loss. 4. Eddy Current Loss: The core of the transformer conducts electricity and acts like a single-turn shorted secondary. This effect can be minimized by using high resistivity material and laminating the core. Note: items 3 and 4 are called Iron Loss
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Transformer Efficiency

Note that a transformer operating at full load is one that is delivering into a load the specified Volt-Amperes; Actual Output Power will depend on the power factor.

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Transformer Voltage Regulation

The secondary voltage of a transformer decreases as the load is increased, because of the increase of the losses that occur.

VR

Vno load V full load V full load

X 100%

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Impedance Transformation

Thus a transformer added in between the source and load alters the apparent impedance of the load. This is useful for Impedance Matching for maximum power transfer.
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Transformer Equivalent Circuits

Full

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Transformer Equivalent Circuits

Exact

Simplified

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Question & Answer Session

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How to measure Equivalent Circuit parameters

Open Circuit Test: 1)Secondary open-circuit 2)Primary connected to a full rated AC line voltage 3)I2=0, I1 is small. Effects of L1, R1, L2, R2 are negligible 4)Essentially all the input voltage is dropped across Lm and Rc 5)Hence measured values reflect effect of Lm and Rc 6)Measure input Voltage, Current and Power
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Open Circuit Test

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How to measure Equivalent Circuit parameters

Short Circuit Test: 1)Secondary is short-circuited 2)Primary connected to a fairly low voltage AC source 3)Adjust input voltage until current in secondary equals to its rated value 4)Measure input Voltage ( Vsc ), Current and Power. 5)Since Vsc is low, effects of Lm and Rc are negligible 6)Essentially all the input voltage is dropped across R1, R2, L1and L2 7)Hence measured values reflect effect of those series impedances. 27 EN0567 PM & RW

Short Circuit Test

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Example: The equivalent circuit impedances of a 20-kVA, 8000/240V, 60-Hz transformer are to be determined. The open-circuit test and the short-circuit test were performed on the primary side of the transformer, and the following data were taken:

Find the impedances of the approximate equivalent circuit referred to the primary side, and sketch that circuit.
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The resulting simplified equivalent circuit. Note that Req = R1 + a2R2 Xeq = X1 + a2X2
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Transformer is suited for power source transformation

In power systems, transformers are mainly used to step-up the voltage to levels suitable for transmission or distribution and to step down to levels as required by individual consumers. For the same power flow, increasing the voltage by m-times its former value reduces the current flow to (1/m) its former value. Hence, voltage drop (IZ) and power loss (I2R) are reduced to (1/m) and (1/m2) times the former values, respectively.

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Transformer is suited for power source transformation

Applications of transformers: (i)Change voltage level: e.g. generator transformer 20 kV to 400 kV, distribution transformer 11 kV to 400V three-phase and 230V single-phase, rectifier transformer to set DC level at rectifier output.
(i)Safety applications: i.e. step voltage down to a safe level and isolate or separate secondary side from primary side. Also, the neutral point of a star connected three-phase winding provides an earthing point. (i)Matching of voltage magnitude, phase or impedance: e.g. applications which require connection of different circuits operating independently.
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Question & Answer Session

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Tutorial 3:
Q1: A single-phase power system is

shown below. The power source feeds a 100-kVA 14/2.4-kV transformer through a feeder impedance of 40.0 + j 150 . The transformer's equivalent series impedance referred to its low-voltage side is 0. 12 + j0.5. The load on the transformer is 90 kW at 0.85 PF lagging and 2300 V. (a) What is the voltage at the power source of the system? (b) What is the voltage regulation of the transformer? (c) How efficient is the overall power system?

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Tutorial 3:
Solution to Q1 (a):

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Tutorial 3:
Solution to Q1 (b) & (c):

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Tutorial 3:
Q2: A 13.2 kV single-phase generator supplies power to a load through a transmission line. The load's impedance is Zload = 500 36.87o , , and the transmission line's impedance is Zline = 60 53 .1o , .
(a) If the generator is directly connected to the load (Figure next page), what is the ratio of the load voltage to the generated voltage? What are the transmission losses of the system? (b) If a 1:10 step-up transformer is placed at the output of the generator and a 10: 1 transformer is placed at the load end of the transmission line, what is the new ratio of the load voltage to the generated voltage? What are the transmission losses of the system now? (Note: The transformers may be assumed to be ideal.)

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Tutorial 3:

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Tutorial 3:
Solution to Q2 (a):

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Tutorial 3:
Solution to Q2 (b):

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Topic Learning Outcome

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Explain principles of Transformer Describe types and constructions of Transformer Describe the Ideal Transformer and Real Transformer with loses

Define Transformer Efficiency and Voltage Regulation

Explain Transformer Impedance Transformation

Explain Transformer Equivalent Circuits

Explain Transformer Open and Short Circuit Tests Tutorial 3

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