Dynamometer Type Instruments

Electrodynamic type instruments are similar to the PMMC-type elements except that the magnet is replaced by two serially connected fixed coils that produce the magnetic field when energized

Advantages of Dynamometer type Instruments: Can be used on both DC & AC circuits. Uniform scale. High degree of accuracy can be obtained.

Disadvantages of Dynamometer type Instruments: At low power factors, the inductances of the potential coil causes serious errors. The reading of the instrument may be affected by stray fields acting on the moving coil.

INDUCTION TYPE SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER

Principle: When AC current flows through two suitably located coils (current coil & potential coil) They produce rotating magnetic field which is cut by the metallic disc suspended near to the coils, thus an e.m.f. is induced in the disc which circulates eddy currents in it. By the interaction of rotating magnetic field & eddy currents, electromagnetic torque is developed which causes the disc to rotate.

It is Used on AC system only.

Fc1 = Friction Compensators PFC = Power factor compensator CC = Current coil VC = Voltage coil

Construction:
1. Driving System
i) Series Magnet ii) Shunt Magnet

2. Moving System
3. Braking System 4. Recording Mechanism

DRIVING SYSTEM:
Series Magnet: The series electromagnet is energized by a coil, known as current coil which is connected in series with the load so that it carry the load current. The flux produced by this magnet is proportional to, and in phase with the load current. Shunt Magnet: A coil having large number of turns of fine wire is wound on the middle limb of the shunt magnet. This coil is known as pressure or voltage coil and is connected across the supply mains. This voltage coil has many turns and is arranged to be as highly inductive as possible. This causes the current, and therefore the flux, to lag the supply voltage by nearly090.

MOVING SYSTEM
It consists of a light aluminum disc mounted on a vertical spindle. The disc is positioned in the air gap between series & shunt magnet. The spindle is supported by a cup shaped jewelled bearing at the bottom end & has a spring journal bearing at the top end. Since there is no control spring, the disc makes continuous rotation under the action of deflecting torque.

BRAKING SYSTEM
A permanent magnet positioned near the edge of the aluminum disc, forms the braking system. When the disc moves in the field of the braking magnet, flux is cut & eddy currents are induced in the disc. The direction of induced currents is such that it opposes the rotation, thus braking torque is produced.

Since the induced currents are proportional to the speed of disc (N), therefore braking torque (Tb) is proportional to the disc speed. i.e. Tb N

Recording Mechanism:
The function of recording or registering mechanism is to record continuously a number on the dial which is proportional to the revolutions made by the moving system.

The number of revolutions of the disc is a measure of the electrical energy passing through the meter.

REED

TYPE

FREQUENCY METER

The vibrating reed type of frequency meter is one of the simplest devices for indicating the frequency of an ac source.
The current whose frequency is to be measured flows through the coil and exerts maximum attraction on the soft iron armature twice during each cycle. The armature is attached to the bar, which is mounted on a flexible support. Reeds of suitable dimensions to have natural vibration frequencies of 110, 112, 114, and so forth up to 130 cps are mounted on the bar. The reed having a frequency of 110 cps is marked "55" cycles; the one having a frequency of 130 cps is marked "65" cps; the one having a frequency of 120 cps is marked "60" cps, and so forth.

When the coil is energized with a current having a frequency between 55 and 65 cps, all the reeds are vibrated slightly; but the reed having a natural frequency closest to that of the energizing current (whose frequency is to be measured) vibrates through a larger amplitude.
The frequency is read from the scale value opposite the reed having the greatest amplitude of vibration.

Power Factor Meter

INDUCTION TYPE INSTRUMENT

A power factor meter is a type of electrodynamometer movement when it is made with two movable coils set at right angles to each other. The method of connection of this type of power Factor meter, in a 3f circuit, is shown in Figure . The two stationary coils, S and S1, are connected in series in Phase B. Coils M and M1 are mounted on a common shaft, which is free to move without restraint or control springs. These coils are connected with their series resistors from Phase B to Phase A and from Phase B to Phase C.

At a power factor of unity, one potential coil current leads and one Lags the current in Phase B by 30; thus, the coils are balanced in the Position shown in Figure . A change in power factor will cause the current of one potential coil to become more in phase and the other potential coil to be more out of phase with the current in Phase B, so that the moving element and pointer take a new position of balance to show the new power factor.

Two-wattmeter Method of Power Measurement in a Three-phase Circuit

The connection diagram for the measurement of power in a three-phase circuit using two watt meters, is given in Figure This is irrespective of the circuit connection star or delta.

The circuit may be taken as unbalanced one, balanced type being only a special case.

Power measurement using one wattmeter only for a balanced load