2G3G Interworking Final

2G <-> 3G inter-working
NOKIA / OS-PS CE Nokia Expert Club ISHO / 18.10.2004
2G <-> 3G inter working

Idle mode
Connected mode
2G -> 3G reselection 3G -> 2G reselection
2G -> 3G handover CS AMR 2G -> 3G handover PS 3G -> 2G handover CS AMR 3G -> 2G handover PS
3G -> 2G reselection
TS 25.304 5.2.3.1.2
Cell Reselection
Cell Selection S-CriteriaSqual = Qqualmeas Qqualmin Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas - Qrxlevmin - Pcompensation
The cell selection criteria S are defined as follows: The cell selection criterion S for a suitable cell is fulfilled when: Where:
Squal
HCS in use: Serving + measured neighboring cells HCS not in use: Serving + measured neighboring cells
Squal > 0 Srxlev > 0
S-Criteria OK Fast MS Cells with Lower HCS Priority than in Serving cell Cells with Highest HCS Priorities & H>0
S-Criteria OK
If No Cell with H>0 accept all neighbors
Best R
Best R
Best R
Cell Selection quality value, (dB). Not applicable for TDD cells or GSM cells Srxlev Cell Selection RX level value (dB) Qqualmeas Measured cell quality value. The quality of the received signal expressed in CPICH Ec/N0 (dB) for FDD cells. Not applicable for TDD cells or GSM cells. Qrxlevmeas Measured cell RX level value. This is received signal, CPICH RSCP for FDD cells (dBm), P-CCPCH RSCP for TDD cells (dBm) and RXLEV for GSM cells (dBm). Qqualmin Minimum required quality level in the cell (dB). Not applicable for TDD cells or GSM cells. Qrxlevmin Minimum required RX level in the cell. (dBm) Pcompensation max(UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH P_MAX, 0) (dB) UE_TXPWR_ Maximum TX power level an UE may use when MAX_RACH accessing the cell on RACH (read in system information), (dBm) P_MAX Maximum RF output power of the UE, (dBm)
-115dBm -115dBm -104dBm -20dB -115dBm
intra inter GSM
Cell Reselection
If system info in the cell indicates that HCS is not used (UseOfHCS) then for intra-freq, inter-freq and inter-system the UE shall:
If Squal > Sintrasearch, UE need not perform intra-frequency measurements. If Squal <= Sintrasearch, perform intra-frequency measurements. If Squal > Sintersearch, UE need not perform inter-frequency measurements If Squal <= Sintersearch, perform inter-frequency measurements.
If Squal > SsearchRAT m, UE need not perform measurements on cells of RAT "m". If Squal <= SsearchRAT m, perform measurements on cells of RAT "m".
Cell Reselection
Region Condition Neighbour cells to be measured
1
2 3 4
Squal > Sintrasearch

Sintersearch < Squal Sintrasearch SsearchRATm < Squal Sintersearch Squal SsearchRATm
None
Intra-frequency cells Intra- and inter-frequency cells Intra-, inter-frequency and inter-RAT cells
Sintrasearch =
4 dB: Equate to 16dB Ec/No
Sintersearch = 2 dB: Equate to 18dB Ec/No

SsearchRAT m, = 0dB: Equate to 20dB Ec/No
4 3 2 1
S S intrasearch intersearch
Ssearch RAT
WCDMA CELL
Cell Reselection
The following cell re-selection criteria is used for intra-freq, inter-freq & inter-RAT: Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhysts Where: Qmeas
Rn = Qmeas,n - Qoffsetn
Quality value. The quality value of the received signal expressed in CPICH_Ec/No or CPICH_RSCP_LEV for FDD cells as set by the Cell_selection_and_reselection_quality_measure information element, PCCPCH_RSCP_LEV for TDD cells and RXLEV for GSM cells. This specifies the hysteresis for serving cell that is of different radio access modes or technologies AND for serving FDD cell when cell_selection_and reselectionquality_measure is set CPICH RSCP.. This specifies the hysteresis for serving FDD cell when the cell_selection_and reselection-quality_measure is set CPICH Ec/No. This specifies the offset between the two cells when the neighbour cells that are of different radio access modes or technologies AND for neighbour FDD cells when cell_selection_and reselection-quality_measure is set CPICH RSCP This specifies the offset between the two cells when neighbour FDD cells when the cell_selection_and reselection-quality_measure is set CPICH Ec/No.
Qhyst1 Qhyst2 Qoffset1 Qoffset2

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Cell Reselection
First ranking of all the cells based on CPICH RSCP (WCDMA) and RSSI (GSM) Rs = CPICH RSCP/GSM RSSI + Qhyst1 Rn= CPICH_RSCP(n) or RXLEV(n) - Qoffset1 Neighbour WCDMA or GSM cell calculation with offset parameter Yes Rn higher in GSM cell No Serving WCDMA cell calculation, with hysteresis parameter
Cell re-selection to GSM

If a TDD or GSM cell is ranked as the best cell, then the UE must perform cell re-selection to that TDD or GSM cell. If a FDD cell is ranked as the best cell and cell_selection_and_reselection-quality_measure is set to CPICH RSCP, the UE shall perform cell re-selection to that FDD cell. If a FDD cell is ranked as the best cell and IE cell_selection_and_reselection-quality_measure is set to CPICH Ec/No, the UE shall perform a second ranking of the FDD cells according to the R criteria using the measurement quantity CPICH 8 calculating NOKIA / OS-PS Nokia Expert Club ISHO / 18.10.2004 Ec/No the CE R values of the FDD cells.
Second ranking only for WCDMA cells based on CPICH Ec/No Rs = CPICH Ec/No + Qhyst2 Rn= CPICH Ec/No -Qoffset2 Cell re-selection to WCDMA cell of highest R value
Cell Reselection
Cell Reselection Process with S,H, and R Criteria-
HCS in use: Serving + measured neighboring cells
HCS not in use: Serving + measured neighboring cells
S-Criteria OK Fast MS
Cells with Lower HCS Priority than in Serving cell
S-Criteria OK If No Cell with H>0 accept all neighbors
Cells with Highest HCS Priorities & H>0
Best R
Best R
9
Best R
TS 25.304 5.2.6.1
Cell Reselection
UE Measurements / HCS Used
WCEL:UseOfHCS = 0 (HCS not used), 1 (HCS in use)

When serving cell belongs to a hierarchical cell structure, the UE use Squal for FDD cells and Srxlev for TDD cells as Sx Squal = Qqualmeas - Qqualmin
rxlevmeas
Rules for intra- and inter-frequency measurements: Srxlev = Q

- Qrxlevmin - Pcompensation
if (Srxlevs <= SsearchhHCS) OR (FDD and Sx <= Sintersearch) UE shall measure all intra- and inter-frequency cells else if (Sx > Sintersearch) UE shall measure all intra and inter-frequency cells which have higher HCS priority than the serving cell.
HCS_PRIO = 0 7; 0 indicates lowest priority and 7 the highest priority
10
Sintrasearch = 4dB, Sintersearch = 2dB, Slimit, searchRAT = 2dB Ssearch_RAT =Nokia 0dB, = 1dB, SHCS_RAT = NOKIA / OS-PS CE Expert S Club ISHO / 18.10.2004 search_HCS
TS 25.304 5.2.6.1
Cell Reselection
UE Measurements / HCS Used
When serving cell belongs to a hierarchical cell structure, the UE use Squal for FDD cells and Srxlev for TDD cells as Sx
Rules
for inter-RAT measurements: if (Srxlevs <= SHCS,RATm) OR (FDD and Squal <= SSearchRATm) Squal = Qqualmeas - Qqualmin UE shall measure all inter-RAT cells Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas Qrxlevmin - Pcompensation else if (Sx > Slimit, SearchRATm) UE need not to measure inter-RATm neighboring cells else UE shall measure all inter-RATm cells with have equal or higher HCS priority level than the serving cell. Sintrasearch = 4dB, Sintersearch = 2dB, Slimit, searchRAT = 2dB Ssearch_RAT = 0dB, Ssearch_HCS = 1dB, SHCS_RAT = 1dB
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TS 25.304 5.2.6.1
Cell Reselection
UE Measurements / HCS Used & fast moving UE
If the number of cell reselections during time period TCRmax exceeds NCR, high-mobility has been detected. When the number of cell reselections during time period TCRmax no longer exceeds NCR, UE shall continue these measurements during time period TCrmaxHyst. Then, UE shall revert to measure according to the threshold based measurement rules.
TCRmax = 60s, NCR = 8, TCRmaxHyst = 0s
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Cell Reselection
Neighbour measurements summary SsearchRAT m SlimitsearchRAT m Sintersearch Sintrasearch
Sx=Squal= Ec/No
Intrafrequency Interfreqency Inter-RAT
Intra-frequency Inter-frequency
Intrafrequency
No need to measure neighbour cells
HCS not used
Intrafrequency Interfreqency Inter-RAT
Intrafrequency Interfrequency Higher HCS priority inter RAT
Intrafrequency Interfrequency
Higher HCS priority Intra-frequency Inter-frequency
HCS used
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3G -> 2G cell reselection
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3G -> 2G Cell Reselection
GSMncellHCSpriority GSMncellHCSthreshold
GSMncellQrxlevMin
GSMncellPenaltyTime GSMncellQoffset1 GSMncellTempOffset1 HOPGId
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Nokia Strategy: reselect to GSM early

Note: GSM cell could be 15 dB weaker
Qmeas (CPICH Ec/No)
Serving WCDMA Cell
Rs
Qqualmin= -18 dB
Squals
Rs
AdjgQoffset1=-15 dB
Qhyst1=0 dB
Neighbour GSM Cell
SsearchRA about -100 dBm level in GSM T= 2 (4 dB)

t
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Cell Reselection
Parameter Summary
Name HCS_PRIO NCr QHCS Qhyst1 Qhyst2 QqualMin QrxlevMin SHCS_RAT Sintersearch Description Defines the HCS priority level for a cell Defines the maximum number of cell reselections Default 0 8
Sintrasearch Slimit_Search RAT Threshold for skipping inter-RAT measurement rules in HCS Ssearch_RAT SsearchHCS TCrmax TCrmaxHyst Treselection UseOfHCS
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Quality threshold level for applying prioritised hierarchical cell re-selection for a cell WCDMA: -24 Qhyst1 is used for TDD and GSM cells, and for FDD cells when cell selection and reselection quality measure is set to CPICH RSCP 4 Qhyst2 is used for FDD cells when cell selection and re-selection quality measure is set to CPICH Ec/No 4 The minimum required quality level in the cell (Ec/No) -20 WCDMA: -115 The minimum required RX level in the cell GSM: -105 The RAT specific threshold for inter-RAT measurement rules 1 The threshold for inter-frequency measurements, and for the HCS measurement rules 2 The threshold for intra-frequency measurements, and for the HCS measurement rules 4 2 0 1
The RAT-specific threshold for inter-RAT measurement rules Threshold for intra- and interfrequency measurement rules in HCS The duration for evaluating the allowed amount of cell reselections 60 sec Cell reselection hysteresis for reverting from UE high-mobility measurements 0 sec The UE triggers the reselection of a new cell if the cell reselection criteria are fulfilled during the time interval Treselection Indicates whether the serving cell belongs to a Hierarchical Cell Structure (HCS), or not
0 0
2G -> 3G reselection
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Cell Reselection Parameters

Qsearch_I and Qsearch_P define thresholds. The threshold value also indicates, when the measurements have to be initiated and performed. The measurements are either started, when the serving cells RLA is below or above the threshold value. The default value is 15. FDD_Qoffset and FDD_GPRS_Offset define offset values, which have to be added to the RLA of the serving and non-serving GSM cells. The result is compared with the RSCP value of the WCDMA cell. The default parameter is 0. FDD_Qmin defines a minimum CPICH Ec/No threshold for WCDMA cell for cell reselection. FDD_REP_QUANT defines the reporting quantity for UTRAN cell (1=Ec/No or 0=RSCP, default: 1). 3G_Search_PRIO is used to inidicate to the MS if 3G cells can be looked for when BSIC decoding is required. (0=no, 1=yes, default: 1) The 3G Cell Reselection list is only used by multi-RAT MSs. The system information SI2quater and SI2ter can be used to provide 3G cell information. If the two system information messages carry 3G cell information, than their lists have to be combined in the UEs 3G Cell Reselection list, which may then hold up to 96 UMTS cells. Up to 8 carrier frequency bands can be stored in this list, too.
19 NOKIA / OS-PS CE Nokia Expert Club ISHO / 18.10.2004
Cell Reselection Measurements

Cell Reselection for Circuit Switched Services (Packet Switched Services) A multi-RAT mobile phone reads the (GPRS) 3G Cell Reselection list, which may hold other RATs. The network controls the cell reselection measurements by the parameter Qsearch_I (Qsearch_P), which is broadcasted on the BCCH (PBCCH). The two parameters define thresholds, which tell the UE whether measurements have to be performed when the RLA_C (RLA_P) of the serving cell is below or above the threshold. GSM cell measurements are often conducted more frequently then inter-frequency measurements to save battery power. The MS identifies and selects the best UTRAN cell, given in the (GPRS) 3G Cell Reselection list, within 30 seconds. This holds, too, when several UTRAN cells of the same frequency are listed. This time increases by 30 seconds for each additional UTRAN frequency band in the (GPRS) 3G Cell Reselection list. The time limits are only valid under good radio conditions. In the packet transfer mode, a MS must sent the first access to the best new UTRAN cell at latest 10+x seconds. x stands for the time required to read the relevant cell system information. The time holds only, when no new GSM cell is activated and good radio conditions. The time increases by 5 seconds for each additional UTRAN carrier band listed in the GPRS 3G Cell Reselection list.
Cell Reselection Algorithm

Algorithm for cell re-selection from GSM (GPRS) to the FDD mode in UTRAN Pre-requisite for cell re-selection to UMTS is, that UTRAN carrier bands are included in the (GPRS) 3G Cell Reselection list. If so, the MS must update RLA_C (RLA_P) value for the serving cell and at least 6 strongest non serving GSM cells at least every 5 seconds. Thereafter, the MS can re-select a suitable UTRAN cell, based on the S-Criterion. If an FDD cell is suitable, following two conditions must have been met: For a period of 5 seconds, the measured RSCP value must exceed the PLA_C (RLA_P) of the serving GSM and of all non-serving GSM cells by the value FDD_Qoffset (FDD_GPRS_Qoffset). Did a cell re-selection occur within the previous 15 seconds, the FDD_Qoffset value is increased by 5 dB. The measured Ec/No value of the FDD cell must be greater or equal than the broadcasted value FDD_Qmin. If the UE as performed a cell re-selection to UTRAN within the previous 5 seconds, a cell re-selection back to UTRAN is not allowed, when a suitable cell can be found within GSM.
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GSM BCCH 2Quater / 2Ter
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Cell Reselection Algorithm from GSM to FDD-WCDMA
GSM MS starts WCDMA measurements if : RLA_C< F(Qsearch_I) for 0<Qsearch_I<=7 or RLA_C> F(Qsearch_I) for 7<Qsearch_I<=15
at least every 5 s
check
Measurement Updates: RLA_C value of the serving cell + least 6 strongest non serving GSM ce
Fdd_Qoffset: select allways (value is -infinity)
If, for suitable UMTS cell & for a period of 5 s: no priorities CPICH RSCP > RLA_C + FDD_Qoffset between
WCDMA neighbours
and CPICH Ec/No FDD_Qmin
WCDMA cell reselection

FDD_Qmin= -13 dB
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Cell Re-selection Parameters

Range of Qsearch_I and Qsearch_P (either Below or Above values comp. to RLA_C) Recommended value is 7 (measure always) 6 R_Below 0 1 2 3 4 5 7 dBm -98 -94 -90 -86 -82 -78 -74 Always
R_Upper
dBm
8
-78
9
-74
10
-70
11
-66
12
-62
13
-58
14
-54
15
Never
Range of FDD_Qoffset and FDD_GPRS_Offset Recommended value is 0 (select always if acceptable) Range 0 1 2 3 4 5
7 -4 15 28
dBm -Always -28 Range dBm

24
-24 10 8
-20 11 12
-16 12 16
-12 13 20
-8 14 24
8 0
9 4
Cell Re-selection Parameters

Range of FDD_Qmin New mapping from 05.08 [late 2003]: Recommended value is 7 (-13 dBm)
Range 0 1 2 3 4 5
6 UEs have to support new parameter range !
Fdd_Qmin mapping Aif parameter 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fdd_Qmin (old) [dB] -20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 Fdd_Qmin (new) [dB] -20 -6 -18 -8 -16 -10 -14 -12
dBm -20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13
FDD_REP_QUANT defines the reporting quantity for UTRAN cell (1=Ec/No or 0=RSCP, default 1) 3G_Search_PRIO parameter allows to extend the BSIC reporting interval from 10 s to 13s by checking the BSICs from non-serving BCCH carriers and also make WCDMA measurements as often as possible. Range is old 0=no, 1=yes, default value 1 Defined in the SI2quater and PSI3quater if PBCCH is allocated. FDD_(GPRS) FDD_REP_ 3G_search_ Parameter Qsearch_I Qsearch_P Qsearch_P FDD_QMin Qoffset QUANT PRIO Name for 2(3)quarter 2quater 2quater 3quater 2ter 2quater 2ter Sys Info (SI) (PBCCH)
Cell Re-selection Example

Non GPRS case
RSCP/ RLA_C Ec/No Cell re-selection to WCDMA
Serving GSM Cell
RLA_C
Qsearch_I=0 (-98 dBm)
Measurements starts (serving cell)
FDD_Qoffset =6 (-8 dB)
RSCP Neighbour WCDMA Cell Ec/N0
FDD_Qmin=0 (-20 dB)
Minimum Quality Requirement for WCDMA

t 5 sec.
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Cell Re-selection Example

GPRS case
RSCP/ RLA_C Ec/No RLA_P Cell re-selection to WCDMA
Serving GSM Cell (Best)
FDD_GPRS_Qoffset =10 (8 dB Qsearch_P=0 (-98 dBm) RSCP
Measurements starts (serving cell)
FDD_Qmin =-20 dB Neighbour WCDMA Cell Ec/N0
Minimum Quality Requirement for WCDMA

t 5 sec.
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WCDMA-> GSM cell reselection

First ranking of all the cells based on CPICH RSCP (WCDMA) and RSSI (GSM) GSM cell measurements available If : CPICH Ec/No-QqualMin < Ssearch_RAT Rs = CPICH RSCP + Qhyst1 Rn= RXLEV(n) - Qoffset1 Serving WCDMA cell calculation, with hysteresis parameter
No
Rn higher in GSM cell
Yes
Neighbour WCDMA or GSM cell calculation with offset parameter
Second ranking only for WCDMA cells
Cell re-selection to GSM
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How to avoid ping pong ?

When phone is camped on 3G, GSM measurements can start when CPICH Ec/Io of serving cell is below Ssearch_RAT + QqualMin.
When phone is camped on GSM, cell reselection to 3G is possible if CPICH Ec/Io of the candidate is above FDD_Qmin.
Therefore, to avoid ping pongs between 3G and GSM the following condition should be met: FDD_Qmin >= QqualMin+Ssearch_RAT
CPICH Ec/Io
QqualMin +Ssearch_RAT
Ssearch_RAT=4 dB
FDD_Qmin >= -13 dB
QqualMin=-18 dB
Camping on 3G
Camping on GSM
Camping on 3G t
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3G -> 2G General handover procedure flow
30
ISHO Process Overview

HO Triggering Thresholds set in RNC Event Triggered Coverage/Capacity based HO fulfilled in RNC RNC commands selected UE(s) to start IF/IS measurements About 25 HO parameters 5 Coverage/Capacity HO Reasons
(31 Intra-Freq neighbours) 48 Inter-Freq neighbours 32 Inter-System neighbours can be measur
Measurements are done in Compressed Mode (CM)

UE reports GSM cells with strongest RSSI signals to RNC RSSI measurements and BSIC verification for GSM cells RNC makes HO decision and commands UE to target cell
Max 32 neighbours could be measured
Reporting cells are active set cells (max 3) + max 6 IFHO, max 6 ISHO neighb
Different decision methods for IF HO Only one decision method for IS HO
3G -> 2G Handover measurement triggering
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IS Handover Triggering Reasons

1. DL DPCH approaches its maximum allowed power FMCI: IFHOcauseTxPwrDL FMCG: GSMcauseTxPwrDL 3. Low measured absolute CPICH Ec/No, event 1E/1F FMCI: IFHOcauseCPICHEcNo FMCG: GSMcauseCPICHEcNo 5 . Low measured absolute CPICH RSCP, events 1E/1F FMCI: IFHOcauseCPICHrscp, FMCG: GSMcauseCPICHrscp 2. Quality deterioration report from UL outer loop PC FMCI: IFHOcauseUplinkQuality FMCG: GSMcauseUplinkQuality
HO trigger
4. UE Tx power approaches its maximum allowed power, event 6A FMCI: IFHOcauseTxPwrUL FMCG: GSMcauseTxPwrUL 6 . Others (Not implemented in RAN 1.5): e.g. Traffic & load reason IS-HO, etc
Frequency Measuring Control for Inter-Frequency = FMCI Frequency Measuring Control for Inter-System (GSM) = FMCG
Measurement triggering: DL Coverage

DCH Data Frame
e.g. Radio Link Measurement Report
(e.g. Transmitted Code Power Value)
Iub
UE
PO2
Node B
RNC
PO3 Pilot TPCTFCI PO1 bits Data 1 bits Data 2 bits
DL_CODE_PWR PowerOffsetDLdpcchPi CPICH_POWER + MAX_DL_DPCH_TXPWR + DL_DPCH_TXPWR_THRESHOLD

HHoMaxAllowedBitrateDL
Max Power on Channel Max Power on DPCH (e.g. 33 dBm) Example Speech:
Power Data Bits > 33dBm + (-3dB) + (1dB) Power Data Bits > 29 dBm (~1W)
Serving WCDMA cell

Its time to trigger HO measurements time in the UE
Measurement triggering: DL Coverage

RNC orders UE to make IF/IS measurements when DL TX power of a single radio link reaches threshold defined as: DL_code_PWR -PowerOffsetDLdpcchPilot > CPICH Pwr + DL Tx Pwr + DL_TPCH_TXPWR_Threshold DL_CODE_PWR = measured DL code power PowerOffsetDLdpcchPilot = power offset for the DPCCH pilot bits relative to the DPDCHs power default = 3 dB, range 0...6 dB, step size 0.25 dB DL Tx Pwr (DPCH) = measurement on DPCH Tx power, (reported by BTS) RLMeasRepPeriod (WBTS) / default=500ms, range 0..2000ms, step 100ms CPICH Pwr = Tx power of the CPICH of an active cell PtxPrimaryCPICH (serving RNC) or AdjsCPICHTxPwr (drifting RNC)/33 dBm, range -1050 dBm, step 0.1 dBm DL_TPCH_TXPWR_Threshold = depends on the service type FMCI: InterfreqDLTxPwrThrAMR/CS/RtPS/NrtPS -1/-3/-3/-1 dB(range -10 dB..0, step 0.5 dB) FMCG: GSMDLTxPwrThrAMR/CS/RtPS/NrtPS -1/-3/-3/-1 dB(range -10 dB..0, step 0.5 dB) In Addition, the DL data rate allocated to the user must not exceed 35 NOKIA / OS-PS CE Nokia Expert Club ISHO / 18.10.2004 WCEL: HHoMaxAllowedBitrateDL/64 kbits/s
Measurement triggering: UL Quality

HHoMaxAllowedBitrateUL EnableULQualDetRep
RNC
RNC
Target SIR Max SIR target SIR SIR
1st Quality deterioration report from PC to HC inside RN
2nd Quality deterioration report (while the conditio satisfied the message is periodically repeated) Actual SIR target
Min SIR target default 5s ULQualDetRepThreshold (recommendation 2 s)

time
Measurement triggering: UL Quality

RNC starts IF/IS measurements based on UL outer-loop power control reports. Enable reports from Outer-loop Power Control Controller to trigger IF/IS HO, RNC:EnableULQualDetRep/default 0=no, 1=yes Time duration for which BER/BLER target has not been reached, despite SIR target at maximum level, RNC: ULQualDetRepThreshold/5 s, 0.5..5, step 0.5s Periodic report, every RNC: ULQualDetRepThreshold seconds, while BLER/BLER target is not reached.
In addition, the UL data rate allocated to the user must not exceed WCEL: HHoMaxAllowedBitrateUL/32 kbits/s
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Measurement triggering: CPICH Ec/No

e.g. P-CPICH Ec/No
Reporting event: 1E: A P-CPICH exceeds an absolute threshold (triggered if one) 1F: A P-CPICH falls below an absolute threshold (triggered if all)
Cell 1 Cell 2
Cell 3 1E: HHoEcNoCancel
absolute threshold
1F: HHoEcNoThreshold
1E: HHoEcNoCancelTime
time 1F: HHoEcNoTimeHysteresis
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RNC starts IF/IS measurement when event 1F occurs for all cells in the active set: A Primary CPICH becomes less than an absolute threshold RNC stops IF/IS measurement when event 1E occurs for at least one cell of the active set : A Primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold Note:IF/IS measurements can be stopped if event 1Fs are cancelled by events 1E only when IFHO/ISHO was not successful and only inside the time between CM measurements, specified by the time InterFreqMinMeasInterval GsmMinMeasInterval/default 10s, recommendation 2s . Filtering applied before event evaluation in the UE: FMCS: EcNoFilterCoefficient/0= 200ms filtering period
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Event 1E parameters: Triggering conditions: Active set cells Hysteresis: not used in 1F Threshold used frequency: FMCS : HHoEcNoCancel/ -20 dB Time-to-trigger: FMCS: HHoEcNoCancelTime/ 1280 ms Amount of reporting: infinity Reporting interval: not applied. Reporting cell status: max 3 active cells. Event 1F parameters: Triggering conditions: Active set cells hysteresis: not used in 1F Threshold used frequency: FMCS : HHoEcNoThreshold / - 22 dB (range 0..-24 dB) Time-to-trigger: FMCS: HHoEcNoTimeHysteresis / 640 ms (range 0..5000ms) Amount of reporting: infinity Reporting interval: not applied. Reporting cell status: max 3 active cells.
Reporting Events 6A, 6B and 6D

UE Tx Power
6A: The UE Tx power exceeds an absolute threshold 6B: The UE Tx power falls below an absolute threshold 6D: The UE Tx power reaches its maximum value 6D
min(UEtxPowerMaxDPCH, P_MAX)
UE Transmitted Power Tx Threshold
6A 6B InterfreqUETxPwrTimeHyst GSMUETxPwrTimeHyst
time to trigger
time
Measurement triggering: UL Coverage

RNC orders IF/IS measurements when one of the following event occurs: Event 6A: The UE Tx power becomes larger than an absolute threshold Event 6D: The UE Tx power reaches its maximum value Also GSM measurements could be measured first depending on UE Tx power values in IFHO and ISHO parameters Only lower threshold is send to UE, so either WCDMA or GSM is measured first, but also other RAT could be measured if not good enough neighbour is found In addition, the UL data rate allocated to the user must not exceed WCEL: HHoMaxAllowedBitrateUL/32 kbits/s RNC calls off inter-frequency measurements when event 6B occurs: the UE Tx power becomes less than an absolute threshold. Filtering applied before event evaluation in the UE. FMCI : InterfreqUETxPwrFilterCoeff/8=10ms (range 10..480ms) FMCG: GSMUETxPwrFilterCoeff/8 =10ms (range 10..480ms) NOTE: Not all UE vendors support 6A event
Measurement triggering: UL Coverage

Event 6A parameters: Time-to-trigger: 0s UE Transmitted Power threshold = min (UEtxPowerMaxDPCH, Pmax) UE_TX_POWER_threshold UEtxPowerMaxDPCH is the maximum allowed UL tx power on DPCH in the active cell (range -50..24 dBm, step 1, default 21 dBm), Pmax is the maximum RF output power UE_TX_POWER_Threshold depends on the type of service: FMCI: InterfreqUETxPwrThrAMR/-3 dB (range -10..0, step1) FMCI: InterfreqUETxPwrThrCS/-3 dB (same range and step) FMCI: InterfreqUETxPwrThrNrtPS/-3 dB FMCI: InterfreqUETxPwrThrRtPS/-3 dB FMCG: GSMUETxPwrThrAMR/CS/NrtPS/RtPS -1/-3/-1/-3/ dB Event 6B parameters: time-to-trigger FMCI: InterfreqUETxPwrTimeHyst/1280 ms FMCG: GSMUETxPwrTimeHyst/1280 ms Event 6D parameter: time-to-trigger: 0s
Measurement triggering: CPICH RSCP

e.g. P-CPICH Rscp
Reporting event: 1E: A P-CPICH exceeds an absolute threshold (triggered if one) 1F: A P-CPICH falls below an absolute threshold (triggered if all)
Cell 1 Cell 2
Cell 3 1E: HHoRscpCancel
absolute threshold
1F: HHoRscpThreshold
1E: HHoRscpCancelTime
time 1F: HHoRscpTimeHysteresis
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UE continually monitors pilot channels of BTSs in AS If RSCP of a Node B falls below threshold, HHoRscpThreshold, UE sends event 1F report RNC starts IF/IS measurements when event 1F occurs for all cells in AS RNC stops IF/IS measurements when event 1E occurs for at least one cell of AS Note:IF/IS measurements can be stopped if event 1Fs are cancelled by events 1E only when IFHO/ISHO was not successful and only inside the time between CM measurements, specified by the time InterFreqMinMeasInterval GsmMinMeasInterval/default 10s, recommendation 2s . UE filtering applied before event evaluation using HHoRscpFilterCoefficient (FMCS) /200ms, range 2001600ms
45

Event 1E (A primary CPICH exceeds an absolute threshold) parameters: Triggering conditions: Active set cells hysteresis: not used in 1E Threshold used frequency: (FMCS) : HHoRscpCancel/ - 100 dBm Time-to-trigger: (FMCS): HHoRscpCancelTime/ 1280 ms Amount of reporting: infinity Reporting interval: not applied. Reporting cell status: max 3 active cells. Event 1F (A primary CPICH falls below an absolute threshold) parameters: Triggering conditions: Active set cells Hysteresis: not used in 1F Threshold used frequency: HHoRscpThreshold (FMCS)/ - 105 dBm Time-to-trigger: HHoRscpTimeHysteresis (FMCS)/ 640 ms Amount of reporting: infinity Reporting interval: not applied. Reporting cell status: max 3 active cells.
3G -> 2G Compressed Mode
47
Compressed Mode in Uplink

GSM BTS WCDMA BTS
DL CM (this should be off when GSM is measured) DL
UL CM (needed to avoid interferenc During WCDMA transmission signal leakage will go to GSM Rx also
48
Compressed Mode (CM)

CM was introduced to WCDMA to allow inter-frequency (system) handovers CM is used to create idle periods (gaps) in the transmission during which ncell measurements on another frequency can be made
Measurement gap
Power / Data Rate
Compressed Mode Normal frame Normal frame Normal frame
Gaps can be created using single or double frame approach (Nokia supports both) Because same data amount is sent in a shorter time more power is needed during CM (both in UE and BTS) => affects WCDMA coverage
Fast Power control information might be lost during the gap => higher Eb/No => affects WCDMA capacity
Compressed frames may be lost if power control is not set correctly => affects WCDMA quality
CM methods are Puncturing, Spreading Factor Halving and Higher Layer Scheduling
Performance of Compressed Mode: Capacity

Assumption Effect to the capacity
Required Eb/No is 1.5 dB 1.5 dB = 41% more interference higher during compressed frames
Every 3rd frame is compressed 10% of the users are measured at the same time 41% /3 = 14% more interference
14% /10 = 1.4% more interference
Capacity degradation < 2%
Exact increase in Eb/N0 depends on service, multipath diversity, antenna diversity, mobile speed, uplink or downlink, measurement gap length, compressed mode method (spreading factor or puncturing), and 1.5 dB represents a typical value.
Performance of Compressed Mode: Coverage

Assumption Required Eb/No is 1.5 dB higher during compressed frames 7-slot gap is used Effect to the coverage of real time services 1.5 dB reduced coverage 10*log10(15/8) = 2.7 dB reduced coverage
Every 2nd frame is compressed with 4.2 dB / 2 = 2.1 dB reduced coverage 20 ms interleaving (speech) Total coverage reduction 2.1 dB Mobile max. power
Compressed mode
2.7 dB + 1.5 dB more power is needed during compressed mode
Frame error if mobile hits Non-real time services can reduce the bit rate during its maximum power compressed frames no effect to coverage Speech connection can switch to a lower AMR mode
Measurement Gap
Length of gap: 3, 4, 5, 7 timeslots
Single-frame method
TGL
radio frame
radio frame Length of gap: 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, or 14 timeslots TG L
Double-frame method
radio frame Min transmitted TSs per Frame: 8

radio frame
Compressed mode methods

Puncturing for Speech in DL

Reducing the physical channel bit amount (Channel Coding Convolution Coding) More Tx power is needed if same QoS requirements have to be satisfied Only if all DCHs have enough free puncturing capacity RNC: DLPuncturingLimit/0.68 =puncturing from coding rate 1/3 to coding rate 1/2.
Halving Spreading Factor, SF/2 for RT and NRT services (UL and DL)

Doubles temporarily the physical channel data rate, possible for all services Needs 3 dB more UE power due to halved spreading ratio If new channelization code is available from code tree in DL WCEL: AltScramblingCodeCM/0=used (def), 1=not used
Higher Layer Scheduling, HLS (UL and DL)
Only possible for PS services (RT or NRT) Does not cause extra load to the cell but reduces DCH user data HLS data rate or HLS data rate possible
53
Double frame is used in case of puncturing and HLS data rate Single frame is used in case of spreading factor halving and HLS data
Compressed mode parameters

CM can be activated/deactivated by CMmasterSwitch (RNC) /0=in use (def) HLS rate configurable using HLSModeSelection (RNC)/def 0=1/2 HSL , 1=3/4 HSL Method used for voice: HLS not possible UL LowerULAMRmodeCM (RNC) /7.4 kbits/s defines AMR mode corresponding to SF/2 DL selection bit puncturing and SF/2 based on MinDLAMRmodeCM (RNC)/7.4 kbits/s (range 4.75...12.2 kbits/s)
Method used for RT and NRT services SF/2 is allowed if: UE DL Tx Power < Max_UE_DL_Tx_Pwr PowerMarginCMcodeHalving (RNC)/3 dB (range 0..10, step 0.25) Maximum number of UEs in CM is controlled through MaxNumbUECMcoverHO (RNC)/16 (range 0..255) The number of UEs in DL CM depends on the PtxTotal value The number of UEs in UL CM depends on the PrxTotal value
How many UEs in Compressed Mode ?

DL/UL transmission power No new UE can be in CM here
PtxOffset/ PrxOffset PtxTarget/ PrxTarget
One new UE in CM can be allowed if the limit is not reached
New UEs can be switched to CM when: Pxx_Total < Pxx_Target & # of UEs in CM < MaxNumbUECMcoverHO
Load
Applicable methods for related services

Service
AMR PS NRT CS Data AMR+PS
UL CM method
SF/2, HLS SF/2, HLS SF/2
DL CM Method
SF/2, Puncturing SF/2, HLS SF/2
1. If the PS bit rate >> AMR bit rate it is possible to create idle gaps by applying frame compression to just the PS DCH. In this case the CM method selection is as in the case of stand-alone PS NRT. 2. If both DCHs must be compressed then only the methods applicable to both can be used: i.e. in DL only SF/2 is possible
CM method SF/2 HLS HLS Puncturing

Frame Mode Single Frame Single Frame Double Frame Double Frame
Selection of DL CM Method
Channel coding >DLPuncturingLimit Yes Use puncturing (for AMR speech) DL CM is started with Puncturing instead of SF/2 because puncturing needs less power, allow more puncturing if downlink capacity is orthogonal code limited
No AMR rate >MinDLAMRModeCM

No SF/2 code available No Link level power limit reached Yes Reduce bit rate (for packet data)
57
Yes
Lower AMR rate (+ puncturing) Use SF/2 with the same scrambling code
Yes
No
Alternative scrambling code Use SF/2 with another is used when the SF/2 code scrambling code is reserved
UL: LowerULAMRModeCM for AMR rate
Compressed mode method in RAN 1.5.2

Compressed mode method in NRT PS
Triggering reason: Too high UE Tx power
Parameter HHOMaxAllowedBitRateUL should be checked Compressed mode method in Downlink (in priority order): 1,2,3,4,5 Compressed mode method in Uplink (in priority order): 2,4,5
Triggering reason: Too high DL DCH power
Parameter HHOMaxAllowedBitRateDL should be checked Compressed mode method in Downlink (in priority order): 4,5 Compressed mode method in Uplink (in priority order): 2,4,5
Triggering reason: Low CPICH EcNo, Low CPICH RSCP, poor UL DCH
Compressed mode method in Downlink (in priority order): 2,3,4,5 Compressed mode method in Uplink (in priority order): 2,4,5
Id 1 2 3 4 5 Compressed mode method Puncturing (Not supported in RAN 1.5) SF/2 SF/2 with alternative scrambling code HLS 1/2 HLS 3/4
58
CM Pattern Parameters
TGPL1
TGD TGL1 TGSN TGL2 TGSN TGL1
TGPL2
TGD TGL2
TG Pattern 1
TG Pattern 2
GapPositionSingleFrame
TG Pattern 1
TG Pattern 2
TG Pattern 1
TG Pattern 2
TG Pattern 2
#1
TGCNF
59
#2
#3
#4
#TGPRC
transmission gap pattern sequence
TG Transmission Gap TGL TGPL Transmission Gap Pattern Length (1-144 Frames) NOKIA / OS-PS CE Nokia Expert Club ISHO / 18.10.2004 TGSN Transmission Gap Starting slot Number (1-14 SL)
Transmission Gap Length (3,4,5,7,10,14 SL) TGD Transmission Gap start Distance (1 TGPRC TG Pattern Repeat Count
3G -> 2G Measurements
60
ISHO parameters
CPICH RSCP (Event 1F) Thresholds: HHoRscpThreshold HHoRscpCancel L3 filter: HHoRscpFilterCoefficient Timers: HHoRscpTimeHysteresis HHoRscpCancelTime DL DPCH power Threshold: GsmDLTxPwrThrXX Data rate threshold HHOMAxAllowedBitrateDL CPICH Ec/Io (Event 1F) Thresholds: HHoEcNoThreshold HHoEcNoCancel L3 filter: Done already for SHO Timers: HHoEcNoTimeHysteresis HHoEcNoCancelTime UL Quality Timer: ULQualDetRepThreshold Data rate threshold HHOMAxAllowedBitrateUL
UE Tx Power (Event 6A) Threshold: GsmUETxPwrThrXX L3 filter: GsmUETxPwrFilterCoeff Hysteresis margin: GsmUETxPwrTimeHyst Data rate threshold HHOMAxAllowedBitrateUL
GSM measurement reporting

GsmMeasRepInterval GsmNcellSearchPeriod GsmMinMeasInterval GsmMaxMeasPeriod
Handover Triggering
(XX=AMR,CS,NrtPS,RtPS)
Decision Algorithm
AdjgTxPwrMaxTCH AdjgRxLevMinHO (n) GsmMeasAveWindow
Handover Execution 2G-to-3G
back prevention
GsmMinHoInterval
ISHO measurements
After HO triggering message is sent to RNC, a RRC message Measurement Control is sent to UE containing details of the measurement that the UE must execute. Measurement reporting is periodical. Max 6 GSM cells could be measured by UE and reported to RNC. No filtering in measurements by UE
RRC: Measurement control message (GSM RSSI measurements)
RNC
Upon reception of the measurements reported by the UE, RNC applies a sliding UE averaging window to the RXLEV measurements. The averaged levels are used as input to the IS-HO decision algorithm.
RNC
The first measurement report has info from the best GSM cell: BCCH freq & RSSI, no filtering used in UE
RXLEV measurements are reported through Measurement report messages
UE
GsmMeasRepInterval (default 0.5s) RRC: Measurement report
RRC: Measurement report
62
Measurement Control Parameters: FMCG

GSMMeasRepInterval: 0.5 seconds This is the interval between measurement reports, which are sent to BTS This parameter should be kept to 0.5 seconds. Increasing the reporting interval would increase the IS-HO process delay. GSMMinMeasInterval:10 s This is Minimum Measurement Interval, wait time when the following CM starts. In case of an unsuccessful IS-HO attempt, the network will deactivate compressed mode for a time period given by this parameter, thus better value will be 2 s to speed up the reactivation of CM. GSMMeasAveWindow: 6 This is Measurement Averaging Window size, sliding window is used GSMMaxMeasPeriod: 20 reports This is Maximum Measurement Period which determines the maximum allowed duration of the inter-sytem measurement If the RNC is not able to execute an inter-system handover, it shall stop the inter-system measurements after the UE has sent the predefined number of measurement reports to the RNC.
Measurement Control Parameters: FMCG

Maximum allowed duration of the inter-system measurement is calculated: GSMMeasRepInterval * GSMMaxMeasPeriod (=0.5*20s) =10s, This seems to be too long time, because based on field measurements BSIC and RSSI delays are about 3 seconds, so it makes senses to reduce the value of this parameter to some value about 3 seconds, otherwise, if the BSIC or RSSI measurements fail or if the IS-HO execution is not possible to due low GSM RSSI levels, the network will not deactivate compressed mode until the timer of 10 seconds has expired. Thus, decreasing the parameter value will allow the UE/network to initiate a new IS-HO attempt. Proposed value for GSMMaxMeasPeriod is 6 GSMNcellSearchPeriod: 0 This is neighbour cell search period parameter, ISHO is not allowed until the are enough measurement reports given by this parameter O means that only 1 measurement result is enough for decision making Duration of the cell search period is calculated:
ISHO: BSIC Verification

After the selection of the target GSM cell, the RNC sends to UE the RRC message "Measurement control which includes details to measure BSIC .
UE stops RSSI measurements and updates the transmission gap pattern to the pattern used for BSIC decoding. The measurement reports are sent periodically to RNC.
If the UE is unable to decode the BSIC during the given period, the BSIC measurement operation is aborted.
IS-HO trigger Target Cell found IS-HO command
WCDM A
RRC: Measurement control message (BSIC decoding)
RSSI meas.
TRSSI depends on
Numbers
BSIC verification
TBSIC depends on :
RNC
Transmission gap pattern for of GSM cells in the BSIC decoding neighbour cell list Reporting interval Sliding averaging window Transmission gap pattern for RSSI measurements
65
3G -> 2G Handover decision
66
Inter-RAT HO Decision
On this page, you find conditions, which have to be satisfied, before an inter-frequency handover can be conducted. The best neighbouring cell must fulfil following criterion (best according to Ec/No): AVE_RXLEV_NCell(n) > GSMncellRxLevMinHO(n) + max(0, GSMncellTxPwrMaxTCH(n) - P_max) where AVE_RXLEV _Ncell(n) is the averaged GSM carrier RSSI value of the GSM neighbour cell(n), averaging done directly from dBm values (no linear averaging); GSMMeasAveWindow / 6, 132 meas report. GSMncellRxLevMinHO(n) determines the minimum Required RSSI (dBm) level of the neighbour cell(n). GSMncellTxPwrMaxTCH(n) indicated the maximum Tx power level (dBm) an UE may use in GSM neighbour cell(n). P_MAX is the maximum UE power capability.
If several GSM cells fulfils the equation above, cells are ranked based on HOPG: GSMncellPriorityCoverage/0, range 07 A cell is ranked higher than another cell if it has a higher priority level even though its signal strength condition was worse Inter-system HO could be forbidden during the first measurements reports from the UE, to let the UE report all the candidate inter-system cells in its neighbourhood. 67 NOKIA / OS-PS CE Nokia Expert Club ISHO / 18.10.2004 FMCG FMCGNcellSearchPeriod / 0
ISHO Decision
AVE_RXLEV_NCell(n) > AdjgRxLevMinHO(n) + max(0, AdjgTxPwrMaxTCH(n) - P_max)
GSM cell
AdjgRxLevMinHO(n)
max(0, AdjgTxPwrMaxTCH(n) - P_max)

Inter-System handovers - Multi-service

For UE with multi-service, 4 parameters are used: FMCG: GsmHandoverAMR (Yes/No/Priority, def =yes) FMCG: GsmHandoverCS (Yes/No/Priority, def=yes) FMCG: GsmHandoverNrtPS (Yes/No, def=No) FMCG: GsmHandoverRtPS (Yes/No/Priority, def=No) If GsmHandover X = No (X=AMR/CS/NrtPS/RtPS), HO is not allowed for the corresponding type of service, whatever the value of the others parameters If GsmHandover X = yes (X=AMR/CS/NrtPS/RtPS), HO is allowed for the corresponding type of service. Handover must be allowed for each type of service, before handover is allowed. If GsmHandover X = Priority (X=AMR/CS), HO is allowed for the corresponding type of service, whatever the value of the others parameters. If both voice and CS data are prioritised, priority is then based on Allocation/retention priority parameter.
69
Inter-System handovers - Multi-service

Example: UE with voice and PS NRT services
GsmHandoverAMR yes Yes No Priority Priority
GsmHandoverNrtP S Yes No Yes/No Yes No
HO allowed HO for voice and PS Nrt allowed No HO allowed No HO allowed HO for voice and PS Nrt allowed HO for voice only
70
3G -> 2G Handover signalling
71
Handover Nokia WCDMA to GSM

NMS
(1) Handover triggering thresholds are set from NMS to RNC
RAN1/ph1.5
Iu interface
Core network
A interface
IS measurement
WCDMA 1 RAN
Compressed mode
GSM BSS
(2) HO trigger fulfilled in RNC (=load/service/coverage reason) Any penalty timer (RAN2) ?
(4) UE in CM neighbor list CM pattern
(6) RNC selects target cell => IS-HO command to UE
WCDMA
Service gap 80-100ms GSM
(3) RNC commands selected UE(s) to start IS-measurements

(5) UE reports measurement result back to RNC
(7) UE waits until last TTI with data
(8) service gap
ISHO 3G->2G Signalling

CS voice handover-RAN part
73
AMR Handover procedure overview (1)

RRC connection setup
ISUP signalling
Parameters for HO event trigger e1e, e1f, e6a,e6b
74
ISUP signalling
Mobility management; several AS cell add & cell drops
75
Mobility management; several AS cell add & cell drops
Measurement report to trigger Compressed Mode CM Parameters


RNC sends updated GSM NB UE list sends inter RAT meas. RNC commands UE to verify Results BSIC of best reported cell Target cell BSIC verified RNC triggers HO to GSM target cell Timing advance information UE ends HHO - procedure UE is handed over to GSM 2G signalling
77
Physical Channel reconfiguration

RRC: Physical Channel reconfiguration
78
Measurement Control new RAT NB list

RRC: Measurement Control
[..] new inter RAT NB list Measurement info
79
UE Measurement Report GSM cells-RSSI

measurements
RRC: Measurement Report
measured best cell by ARFCN

measured 2nd best cell by ARFCN measured 3rd best cell by ARFCN measured 4th best cell by ARFCN measured 5th best cell by ARFCN measured 6th best cell by ARFCN
80
Measurement Control carrying target cell info

RRC: Measurement Control
UE shall stop measuring RSSI of RAT NB list and focus on best cells BSIC verification
81
UE Measurement Report target GSM cellBSIC verification

RRC: Measurement Report
UE reports verified BSIC of best cell to RNC
82
Handover from UTRAN command

RRC: HO from UTRAN command
83
Handover command GSM signalling

L3: Handover command
2G cell information (RF&configuration)
2G cell information (PC)
2G cell information (Security)

GSM signalling
L3: Physical Information
L3: Handover complete
Physical synchronisation Information
Handover complete message

ISHO 3G->2G Signalling

CS voice handover-3G Core part
86
ISHO Signalling on Iu-CS interface
RNC sends relocation request to M
source = 3G cell
XX
target = 2G cell
XX
RNC -> MSC via MGW

ISHO Signalling on Iu-CS interface
MSC -> RNC via MGW
MSC -> RNC via MGW
RNC -> MSC via MGW

..Iu resources released, UE left 3G world
ISHO Signalling 3G>2G

PS Cell change order-RAN part
If two GSM neighbours with same ARFCN in RRC: Measurement Control, BSIC verification is performed
89
ISHO Signalling 3G>2G

PS Cell change order-3G core part
90
ISHO L3 Signalling 3G->2G Multi RAB
91
Service interruption during Inter-System handover (3G->GPRS)

The data interruption time is defined in this report as the total time that the data connection (IP connection) is lost due to the switching from 3G to GPRS. The gap is defined as the time that the Cell change order from UTRAN message is sent to UE until the first IP datagram (UL or DL) is sent between UE and the GPRS network. The below dataflow, shows the more relevant signalling for our interest.
MS BSS new SGSN old SGSN GGSN new MSC/VLR HLR 1. Routeing Area Update Request 2. SGSN Context Request old MSC/VLR
3G data transmission
Cell change order from UTRAN (3G) Channel required (RR) Location update request (MM) Location update accepted (MM)
Total interruption time
2. SGSN Context Response 3. Security Functions 4. SGSN Context Acknowledge
P. channel required (RR) Routing area update request (GMM) Routing area up. Req Acc (GMM) Immmediate assignment (RR) First IP datagram (GPRS)
When network mode is set to 1, UE starts combined RUA/LUA procedure, as shown in the right figure. Thus data interruption should be smaller.
C1 5. Forward Packets 6. Update PDP Context Request 6. Update PDP Context Response 7. Update Location 8. Cancel Location 8. Cancel Location Ack 9. Insert Subscriber Data 9. Insert Subscriber Data Ack 10. Update Location Ack 11. Location Update Request 12a. Update Location 12b. Cancel Location 12c. Cancel Location Ack 12d. Insert Subscriber Data 12e. Insert Subscriber Data Ack
GPRS data transmission

This message is sent in FTP session but not in streaming.
12f. Update Location Ack 13. Location Update Accept C2 14. Routeing Area Update Accept C3 15. Routeing Area Update Complete 16. TMSI Reallocation Complete
2G -> 3G Handover
93
ISHO L3 Signalling 2G->3G Multi RAB RAN part
94
RAN1/ph1.5 and BSS10
Load and Coverage Reason Handover

GSM high loaded
Load reason handover for speech and for HSCSD
WCDMA can be used to relieve GSM overload GSM can be used to extend WCDMA coverage area
WCDMA low loaded
GSM
GSM WCDMA
GSM WCDMA
GSM
GSM
Load reason handover
95
WCDMA
GSM
Coverage reason handover
Mobile moving
Load based handover GSM -> WCDMA

Load of GSM cell
100%
BSS10. 5
Load reason handovers for speech
Speech to WCDMA only with high GSM load
More capacity for speech
80%
Packet Data to WCDMA regardless of GSM load
Higher bit rates for data users
Packet BCCH parameters can be used to push GPRS mobiles to WCDMA

0%
Handover Process incl. RAN 1.5

Handover Triggering Thresholds set in BSC Inter-RAT measurements when: The RXLEV of the serving cell is above or below the given threshold Qsearch_C MS reports best UTRAN cell based on measurement results
However in S10.5 MS is measuring the UTRAN cells continuously if they are defined as a neighbour, measurements are done during idle periods
Latest after 5 s (one WCDMA band)
Handover Decision is done in case of Load of the serving cell > Load_Threshold and CPICH Ec/No> min Ec/No Threshold
Handover command is send to MSC

ISHO and Cell Reselection in RAN1.5

The maximum number of reported cells is BSS10.5 is 6, the number of WCDMA cells depends on the parameter FDD_MULTIRAT_REPORTING. Then the number of GSM neighbour reported could be 3-6 depending on the set value of parameter FDD_MULTIRAT_REPORTING. With Enhanced Measurement report (in BSS11) the maximum number of reported cells is 12 adjacent cells in case MS is reporting more than 6 neighbours ! In RAN1.5 the target WCDMA cell is identified by the MCC + MNC + LAC + RNC + Cell ID + SAC. Because the MCC + MNC are included, handover from the BSC in the PLMN_1 to the RNC in the PLMN_2 is possible, i.e. an inter-PLMN handover from GSM to WCDMA is supported. Load threshold parameters are defined for Speech Calls & Transparent Data Non-Transparent Data The load is measured in the cell level by comparing the occupied TCHs to the available TCHs (20 s interval used) Parameters & defaults LOAD_THRESHOLD_FOR_SC_IS_HO (range 0-100% , default 80%) LOAD_THRESHOLD_FOR_NON_TPC_IS_HO (range, 0-100% default 0%) After a successful handover new handover for the same connection is not allowed in 30 seconds. After an unsuccessful handover attempt it is not allowed to initiate a new handover attempt to the same cell within time defined by the parameter MIN_INTERVAL_BETWEEN_UNSUCC_ISHO_ATTEMPT. The Network Controlled Cell Re-Selection (NCCRS) is done from GPRS, to WCDMA with 98 NOKIA / OS-PS CE Nokia Expert Club ISHO / 18.10.2004 Packet Cell Change Order message. For NCCRS load thresholds for following classes in
GSM ISHO in RAN1.5: Example

Handover example (speech/Transparent data) Load Threshold for Speech Calls inter-RAT Handover LOAD_THRESHOLD_FOR_SC_IS_HO= 80% Min Ec/No threshold for a handover to the UTRAN adjacent cell MIN_ECNO_THRSHOLD = -15 dB Qsearch_c = 15 (if Qsearch_c = 15, the mobile is not allowed to measure UTRAN adjacent cells and therefore the BSS does not send the Measurement Information message to the mobile at all)
1 Load of the serving cell = 45% and the measured Ec/No = - 20 dB 2

--> Handover to the UTRAN not possible due to low load and low Ec/No Load of the serving cell = 45% and the measured Ec/No = - 10 dB --> Handover to the UTRAN not possible due to low load --> Handover to the UTRAN possible
3 Load of the serving cell = 95% and the measured Ec/No = -10 dB
Measurements Capabilities for Multi-Rat MSs

A multi-RAT MS is able to monitor 64 UTRAN cells, divided into (depending on the MS capability): FDD cells on up to 3 FDD frequencies, with a maximum of 32 cells per frequency; and/or TDD cells on up to 3 TDD frequencies with a maximum of 32 cells per frequency, and/or CDMA2000 cells. (TS 45.008 V5.8.0) In case of a conflict with GSM tasks, the GSM tasks take precedence.
Measurement quantities in GSM for UTRAN FDD For UTRAN FDD cells, the measurement quantities to be used are CPICH Ec/No, CPICH RSCP and RSSI. RSCP must be used for the cell re-selection ranking criteria. Ec/No is used for a minimum quality requirement. On the BCCH, SACCH, PBCCH and/or PACCH, the reporting quantity parameter for the FDD mode FDD_REP_QUANT is transmitted. It informs the MS, whether the RSCP or the Ec/No is used for measurement reporting. It is also possible to add a frequency in the neighbour cell list, without adding a scrambling code. If this is the case, the Ms must report the RSSI for this UTRA carrier band. (The measured value will then replace the RXLEV in the measurement report.)
Handover Measurement
The Network controls the identification and the measurements of cells, which belong to other radio access technologies, by the parameter Qsearch_C. This parameter is sent on the SACCH. If this parameter is not made available there, the MS uses the parameter Qsearch_C_Initial, which is sent on the BCCH. The parameter Qsearch_C has the same meaning as the parameter Qsearch_I. The MS can use search frames, which are required for BSIC decoding, to perform the required measurements. The parameter 3G_SEARCH_PRIO indicates to the MS, whether is can use up to 25 search frames per 13 seconds without BSIC decoding in these frames. At latest 5 seconds after it had been activated, The MS must report the best UTRAN cell. The time only holds, when no new GSM cell is activated at the same time, and there are good radio conditions. The allowed reporting time increases by 5 seconds for each additional UTRAN carrier band. Then the MS has only a signalling connection on a SDCCH, the MS can use all TDMA frames for measurements, which are not allocated or used for GSM signal strength measurements. The MS then must report the best UTRAN cell within 1.7 seconds, given the same assumptions as above. Handover Parameters: Qsearch_C_Initial identifies the Qsearch value to be used in connected mode before Qsearch_C is received. 0 = use Qsearch_I, 1 = always. Default value = use Qsearch_I. Qsearch_C specifies the signal threshold to search for 3G cells (see Qsearch_I). Default value is 7. 101 NOKIA / OS-PS CE Nokia Expert Club ISHO / 18.10.2004 FDD_MULTIRAT_REPORTING gives the number of cells (0..3) from the access
Load based Handover Process: GSM-> WCDMA
Parameters are sent from the BSC to the Handover Triggering Thresholds set in BSC mobile in the Measurement Information message In the S10.5 MS is measuring the UTRAN cells Inter-RAT measurements starts in case continuously if they are defined as a neighbour, The RXLEV of the serving cell is above or below the given threshold Qsearch_C The number of GSM neighbour reported could b depending on the set value of parameter FDD_MULTIRAT_REPORT (0,1,2=def,3). Handover Decision is done in case of The load is measured in the cell level by Load of the serving cell > Load_Threshold comparing the occupied TCHs to the and CPICH Ec/No> min Ec/No Threshold available TCHs (20 s interval used) MS selects the target UTRAN cell based on measurement results Handover command is send to MSC Load Threshold for Speech Calls or Transparent Data inter-RAT Handover: utranHoThScTpdc (Min Traffic Load TDHO), default = 80% minEcnoThreshold (Min CPICH EC/NO Threshold), default 15 dB
102
2G -> 3G packet cell reselection (1)

GPRS traffic
UE reads 3G BCCH info & reselects to 3G
103

3G access
CS NAS signalling PS NAS signalling MM security CS NAS signalling comp GMM security GMM security RAN radio resources
PS NAS signalling comp
RAN radio resources
104
PDP context release req.
PS detach request RAN radio resources rel
105
2G -> 3G packet cell reselection details

Routing area update accept
New LAC / RAC

RRC connection setup request cause
106
Service interruption during inter-system handover (GPRS>3G):

The below diagram describes the signalling during the inter-system handover process and the delays that were measured. Only the most relevant messages are shown in the signalling: GPRS data transmission
Delay (seconds)
Last IP (GPRS) RRC: RRC connection request Location update request MM: Routing area update request (3G)
~0.3
0.6 0.3 0.8
Total delay
Location update accepted MM: Routing area update accepted (3G) Radio bearer reconf/accepted First IP datagram (3G)
1.8
Streaming=0.9 Web/FTP=2.6 Streaming=1, Web/FTP =1.6
3G data transmission
107
RAN 04 feature
IMSI based handover
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IMSI Based Handover Solution Overview

IMSI based handover is feature candidate in RAN04.
The purpose of the IMSI specific handover feature is that a mobile subscriber in a visited network can be commanded to measure selectively only specified PLMN cells and to make handover accordingly to those specified (home or authorised) PLMNs. The input for the selective measurement control is the PLMN id that is included in the IMSI of the subscriber.
IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN PLMN id
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity MCC Mobile Country Code MNC Mobile Network Code MSIN Mobile Subscriber Identification Number PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
IMSI Based Handover Example Cases

IMSI-based handover can be used in different network sharing cases case 1: geographical sharing case 2: common shared RAN with gateway core case 3: mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) Based on IMSI, users of each operator can be handed over to their home or authorised WCDMA network from the shared area, when coverage becomes available (cases 1 and 2) Based on IMSI, inter-system handovers (coverage/quality, load and service based handovers) to the users home or authorised GSM network can be performed in the shared area Different IMSI-based handovers from the (all cases) neighbour cell shared area:
- inter-frequency HO to home or authorised WCDMA cell - inter-system HO to home or authorised GSM network definitions in RNC for different IMSI ranges
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Case 1: IMSI Based Handover and Geographical Sharing

Separate neighbour lists for different IMSI ranges (different PLMN users)
GSM WCDMA GSM WCDMA GSM WCDMA GSM GSM WCDMA GSM GSM
WCDMA GSM Based on IMSI, operator B user is handed over to its own WCDMA network when coverage becomes available GSM GSM
WCDMA GSM
WCDMA GSM
WCDMA GSM GSM
Based on IMSI, load and service-based intersystem HOs to their own GSM network in shared area
Based on IMSI, operator A user is handed over to its own WCDMA network when coverage becomes available
Based on IMSI, users are handed over to their own GSM networks when WCDMA coverage ends
Operator A GSM cell Operator A own WCDMA cell Operator A controlled shared WCDMA cell Operator A user path
Operator B GSM cell Operator B own WCDMA cell Operator B controlled shared WCDMA cell Operator B user path
Case 2: IMSI Based Handover and Common Shared RAN

GSM GSM GSM WCDMA WCDMA WCDMA WCDMA GSM Based on IMSI, operator B user is handed over to its own WCDMA network when coverage becomes available GSM GSM GSM Based on IMSI, operator A user is handed over to its own WCDMA network when coverage becomes available GSM Based on IMSI, users are handed over to their own GSM networks when WCDMA coverage ends GSM GSM
WCDMA
Based on IMSI, load and service-based intersystem HOs to their own GSM network in shared area Operator A GSM cell Operator A own WCDMA cell Operator A user path Common shared WCDMA cell
Operator B GSM cell Operator B own WCDMA cell Operator B user path
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Case 3: IMSI Based Handover and Mobile Virtual Network Operator

GSM GSM
GSM
WCDMA
WCDMA
GSM
GSM
GSM
Based on IMSI, load and service-based intersystem HOs to their own GSM network in shared area
Based on IMSI, users are handed over to their own GSM networks when WCDMA coverage ends
Operator A GSM cell Operator A controlled WCDMA cell Operator A user path
Operator B GSM cell

Operator B user path
IFHO / ISHO Measurements

The measurement control parameters IMSIbasedIFHO and IMSIbasedGsmHo indicate whether the IMSI based inter-frequency and inter-RAT (GSM) handovers are enabled in the cell When the IMSI based inter-frequency and/or inter-RAT handover is enabled, the RNC shall select only those neighbouring cells into the inter-frequency or inter-RAT (GSM) neighbour cell list whose PLMN identifier is included in the list of authorised PLMNs or which have the same PLMN identifier as the subscriber The PLMN Id of an inter-frequency neighbour cell is controlled by the parameters AdjiMCC and AdjiMNC, and the PLMN identifier of a GSM neighbour cell is controlled by the parameters AdjgMCC and AdjgMNC
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Structure of the Authorised PLMN lists

A list of authorised PLMNs shall contain the maximum of ten PLMN identifiers The radio network database shall have ten separate authorised PLMN lists List # #0 #1 #2 #9 PLMN 1 PLMN 1 PLMN 5 Authorised PLMNs (max. 10) PLMN PLMN PLMN 2 3 4 PLMN 3 PLMN PLMN 6 7
PLMN1 0
All
'All' in the list #9 indicates that all PLMNs are considered authorised PLMNs (RNC shall combine the neighbour cell list for the inter-frequency or inter-RAT (GSM) measurement from all neighbouring cells regardless of their PLMN identifiers) It is not necessary to add the home PLMN Id of the subscriber to the list of authorised PLMNs
Selecting the List of Authorised PLMNs

The RNC shall select the desired list of authorised PLMNs for the selective measurement control on the basis of the PLMN Id that is included in the IMSI of the subscriber The RNC links the PLMN id of the subscriber with the desired list of authorised PLMNs by means of an index table
PLMN id 0 PLMN 123 45 123 12 List # 1
1
2 127
123 34
123 45
0
2
Authorised PLMN list #2
If the PLMN identifier of the subscriber does not match with the PLMN identifiers in the index table, the RNC shall select the list #9 of authorised PLMNs for the measurement control
Intra-Frequency Measurements
IMSI based handover does not have an effect on the sending of intrafrequency neighbour cell lists on the DCCH The RNC shall not select the neighbouring cells for the intrafrequency measurement on the basis of the PLMN of the subscriber or neighbouring cell. The measurement control parameter IMSIbasedSHO indicates whether the IMSI based intra-frequency handover is enabled in the cell When the IMSI based intra-frequency handover is enabled in the cell, the PLMN identifier of the monitored cell (that has triggered the reporting event 1A or 1C) must be part of the list of authorised PLMNs or it must have the same PLMN Id as the subscriber or an active set cell before the RNC may add the monitored cell into the active set
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Thank you !
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NOKIA / OS-PS CE Nokia Expert Club ISHO / 18.10.2004