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Design
To create something new or arrange existing things in a new way to satisfy recognized need of society.
DESIGN PROCESS
General information Specific information Design operations Outcome --------------- Evaluation [yes] Go to next stage
1. Design requirements
The acceptable performance of the design is the major role in the design requirements. Performance requirements can be divided in to two groups. Functional requirements
In this phase capacity to measure the force, strength, energy, materials flow and power, efficiency of design, accuracy and sensitivity.
Performance requirements
In this phase considering as useful life of design, service environment, Reliability, economy and safety of maintenance, noise level of design
MORPHOLOGY OF DESIGN
Conceptual design Embodiment design Details design Plan for manufacturing Plan for distribution and use Plan for retirement of product
1. Conceptual design
In this phase design is initiated, carried to a point of creating to point of possible solution and narrow down to single best concept. Identification of customers needs Problem definition Gathering information i ) Interview with customers ii) Focus groups iii) Customers survey iv) Customers complaints Conceptualization Concept selection Refinement of PDS (after concept selection) Design review
2. Embodiment design
in this phase ,structure development take place for the selected design concept and this phase is called as preliminary design. This design concentrated three major tasks Product architecture (dividing the system in to number of subsystem) Configuration design of parts and components Parametric design of parts and components
3. Detail Design
Detailed Engineering drawing is prepared which is suitable for manufacturing process. Assembly of the components and testing of several preproduction version of the product. Final review was conducted before entering in to manufacturing division.
Sales
Management
CONCURRENT ENGINEERING
Systematic approach to the integrated design of products and their related process such that Manufacturing and support Product life cycle Product service in the field Disposal CAE i)Functional teams ii)Parallel design iii)Vendors partner
MARKET IDENTIFICATION
Market research should provide the following information Define market segment Identification of early adapters Identifying competitive products Establish the market size Determine product price- volume relationship Establish customers need and wants
CUSTOMER REQUEIREMENTS
Performance: Primary operating characteristic of product. Features: basic function of the product Reliability: Capability of a part or the system to operate without failure during service environment. Durability: Measure of product life.
Serviceability: Ease and time require for repairing the product after breakdown . Aesthetics: Product looks,feels,testes,sounds etc
Perceived quality: Customer will tend to expect that all producers of the product will have same quality.
c) Engg. Characteristics: (EC) Enable to satisfy customers needs through advanced engineering principles.
d) Correlation matrix: It shows that the degree of interdependence among the engineering characteristics.
g) Determine the absolute importance: Multiply the numerical values of each cells of the relationship matrix by importance rating.
h) Relative importance: Values from the absolute importance in which EC having highest rating, we should give special attention. (Such as 1 is low probability of success and 5 is high probability of success
i) Technical competitive assessment: Compare your company performance against two or three top competitors for each of the engineering concept.
j) Technical difficulty: This indicates that ease with which each of engineering characteristics can be achieved. k) Target values: Select the high rated values of EC and set target of the concept to satisfy customers need.
b) Physical requirement: Shape, Size, Weight, Surface finish etc c) Life cycle issues: Reliability Maintability Repairability Retirement from service Cost of operation etc.
d) Service environment: (Under what conditions the product is to work) Temperature Pressure range Salt spray Rain Humidity Shock loading Vibration Noise Corrosive environment etc.
d) Life cycle issues: Reliability Maintability Repairability Retirement from service Cost of operation etc. e) Human factors: Aesthetic Man-machine interface (Ergonomics) User training
4.Use mapping: The goal should be to make the operation clear enough that it is not necessary to refer from nameplate, stickers or the operation manual.(e.g. car sheet adjustment) 5.Utilize constraints to prevent incorrect action: Do not depend on the user always doing correct thing. An example is the automatic transmission that will not go into reverse when car moving forward. 6.Provide feedback: The product must provide the user with a clear, immediate response to any action taken. This feedback can be provided by sounds, light or display information.
7.Provide good display: Most human machine interface require that the human sense the status of the system and the control it based on the information received. 8.Make controls easy to handle 9.Anticipate human error: Human error is unavoidable, so that the designer designs the product as possible to reverse or undo the error easily.
b)Design for disassembly: Provide for easy access and removal of component. Minimize the use of adhesive and weld. Try to avoid the screws, snap fits.
c) Design for product waste minimization: Minimize the amount material used by avoiding overdesign. Realize which material are incompatible in recycling and will have to separated and segregated. Avoiding the certain adhesives, paints, labels can cause contamination in recycling. d)Design for packaging recovery e)Avoid the use of hazardous material
f)Design for waste recovery and reuse in processing: The recycling steps are Collection and transport Separation Identification and sorting Reprocessing g)Considering environmental hazards of production: Exhaust gases from machines, smoke exposure with very high or low temperature. h)Design for noise reduction:
CONTRACT
Contracts are a promise by one person to another and mutually understand the agreement.
Types
Bilateral contract Contract in which two parties have both made promise to each other. (Documents are prepared and signed by both parties) Unilateral contract Contract in which one person made a promise
Express contract Contract in which all the terms are agreed upon and expressed in words either return or oral.
Implied contract Contract in which agreement between the parties is inferred by the legal system wholly or in part by their action.
PRODUCT LIABILITY
Design aspects of product liability:
1. Take every precautions that there is strict adherents to industry and government standard. 2. All products should be thoroughly tested before being released for sale. 3. Make a careful study of the system relationship of your product and upstream and downstream component. You are required to know how malfunction are in the product.
4. Documentation of the design, testing and quality activities can be very important. 5. The design of warning label and user instructions manual should be an integral part of the design process. 6. There should be formal design review before the product is released for production.
Utility patents:
The functional features of a design can be protected with utility patent. This also protect embodiment of the idea shown in the patent application. A well written patent is the best protection of the valuable idea.
Design patent: This covers the ornamental aspects of a product such as shape, configuration or surface decorations. Design patent is easier to obtain than utility patent and easier to enforce in the court. Copy right: This form of intellectual property is primarily intended to protect writing It has the dominant method of protecting software.
Trade mark: These are used to protect the names or symbols (Logo) of product.