Multimedia Systems

Lecture - 7

Lecture Outline

Video

Analog TV

Analog Television Broadcast Standards

Digital TV

Digital Television Broadcast Standards

Analog TV

Analog TV encodes television picture and sound information and transmits it as an analog signal. Examples of analog television systems are:

NTSC PAL SECAM

Broadcasters using analog television systems encode the signals using NTSC, PAL or SECAM encoding, and then modulate this encoded signal onto VHF or UHF carrier.
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Analog TV

Ignoring color (handling), all TV systems work in essentially the same manner. The monochrome image seen by camera (luminance component of color image) is divided into horizontal scan lines, some number of which make up a single image/frame. All analog TV systems are interlaced, alternate rows of the frame are transmitted in sequence followed by remaining rows in sequence.
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Analog TV Standards by Regions

NTSC - National Television System Committee

It is the analog television system used in most of North America, South America, Japan, South Korea, and some other Pacific regions. NTSC is also the name of the U.S. standardization body that developed the broadcast standard.

The first NTSC standard, developed in 1941 had no provision for colour TV. The second version, adopted in 1953, allowed color broadcast compatibility with existing receivers.
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NTSC

NTSC uses YIQ color model. Quadrature modulation is used to combine I & Q to produce a single chroma signal. Composite signal is formed by

Fsc is 3.58MHz. The available bandwidth is 6MHz, in which the audio is signal centered at 5.75MHz and the lower spectrum carries picture information
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NTSC - National Television System Committee

NTSC signal is an interlaced video signal with

262.5 lines per field (525 scan lines per frame) 60 fields per second (30 frames per second) 4:3 aspect ratio
485 make up the visible raster (active lines) The remaining 20 lines are blanked for vertical retrace and synchronization. Blanking pulses are inserted during the retrace intervals to blank out retrace lines on CRT and Sync pulses ensure that picture starts at the top left corner of the receiving CRT.
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Out of these 525 scan lines

PAL - Phase Alternate Line

PAL is an analog television system used in most part of western Europe, most part of Asia and other countries It was developed in 1960s (in western Europe) to overcome the weakness related to colour reproduction that existed in NTSC. PAL is also interlaced like NTSC. It consists of

625 lines per frame 50 fields per second (25 frames per second)

Both PAL and SECAM have better color reproduction than NTSC.
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PAL

PAL uses YUV color model. Uses an 8 MHz channel and allocates a bandwidth of 5.5 MHz to Y, and 1.8 MHz each to U and V. In PAL, the phase of part of the colour information on the video signal is reversed with each line, which automatically corrects phase errors in the transmission of the signal by cancelling them out

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SECAM - SEquential Couleur Avec Memoire

SEquential Couleur Avec Memoire is French for "Sequential Color with Memory It is historically the first European color TV standard, developed in France in 1960s. SECAM is also interlaced and consists of

625 lines per frame 50 fields per second (25 frames per second)

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SECAM

SECAM differs from the other systems by the way the chrominance (R-Y and B-Y) signals are carried. First, SECAM uses frequency modulation to encode chrominance information on the sub carrier. Second, instead of transmitting the red and blue information together, it only sends one of them at a time, and uses the information about the other color from the preceding line. It uses a delay line (an analog memory device), for storing one line of color information. This justifies the "Sequential, With Memory" name.
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Summary of the Analog TV Standards

fps lines Bandwidth (MHz) 525 6 625
625

B&W Colour Mod. Mod.

AM QAM

Audio Mod.
FM

NTSC

30

PAL

25

7-8
7-8

AM
AM

QAM
FM

FM
FM
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SECAM 25

PAL Vs. NTSC

The basics of PAL and the NTSC system are very similar; a quadrature amplitude modulated subcarrier carrying the chrominance information is added to the luminance video signal to form a composite video baseband signal. The frequency of this subcarrier is 4.43361875 MHz for PAL, compared to 3.579545 MHz for NTSC. The SECAM system, on the other hand, uses a frequency modulation scheme on its two line alternate colour subcarriers 4.25000 and 4.40625 MHz. NTSC receivers have to perform tint control for manual colour correction. If not adjusted correctly, the colours may be faulty. The PAL standard on the other hand, automatically removes hue errors by utilising phase alternation of the colour signal.
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PAL Vs. SECAM

SECAM also tries to resolve the NTSC hue problem. It does so by applying a different method to colour transmission, namely alternate transmission of the chrominance signals and frequency modulation, while PAL attempts to improve on the NTSC method. SECAM transmissions are more robust over longer distances than NTSC or PAL. However, owing to their FM nature, the colour signal remains present, although at reduced amplitude, even in monochrome portions of the image, thus being subject to stronger cross colour. Like PAL, a SECAM receiver needs a delay line.
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Digital TV Systems

Digital TV systems transmit audio and video by discrete signals (in contrast to analog signals in analog TV systems) Switching from analog to digital TV began in 2006 in Europe and as of late 2009, ten countries have turned off their analog terrestrial broadcasting. Two principle digital broadcasting systems are

ATSC DVB ISDB, DMB-T/H

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Other systems used are:

Digital terrestrial TV systems by regions

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ATSC Advanced Television Systems Committee

The ATSC terrestrial broadcast standard was developed by the Advanced Television Systems Committee and adopted as a standard in U.S. and Canada. ATSC is inferior to other digital systems in dealing with multipath interference; however it is better at dealing with impulse noise. ATSC also supports satellite and cable television systems.
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ATSC

ATSC-T (not an official term)

The terrestrial ATSC uses 8-VSB (vestigial sideband) modulation technique and supports 19.39 Mbit/s digital data stream.
On cable, ATSC uses 256QAM (some use 16VSB) modulation with a throughput of 38.78 Mbit/s.

ATSC-C (not an official term)

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DMBT/H

Digital Multimedia Broadcast - Terrestrial/ Handheld is the digital television standard of China, Hong Kong and Macau. It is now called DTMB (Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast). This is a hybrid system, part of which is ATDB; very similar to ATSC.

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DVB-Digital Video Broadcast

DVB-T

DVB terrestrial system uses coded OFDM (COFDM) which uses as many as 8000 independent carriers each transmitting data at low rate. It provides superior immunity to multipath interference. It has system variants that allow data rates from 4Mbit/s up to 24Mbit/s.

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DVB-Digital Video Broadcast

DVB-S

It is the original DVB standard for satellite television. It transmits MPEG-2 audio/video stream.
It is the DVB (European) standard for the broadcast of digital television over cable. It transmits an MPEG-2 digital audio/video stream using QAM modulation with channel coding.

DVB-C

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ISDBIntegrated Services Digital Broadcasting

ISDB is very similar to DVB; however it comprises of 13 subchannels.

12 subchannels are used for TV, while the last one serves as either guard band or for the 1seg service.

It was developed in Japan with MPEG-2 as (video and audio compression standard) and now used in Brazil with MPEG-4. Types of ISDB differ mainly in modulations used

ISDB-T ISDB-S
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HDTV

High-definition television (HDTV, or just HD) refers to video having resolution substantially higher than traditional television systems (standard-definition TV, or SDTV, or SD). HD has one or two million pixels per frame, roughly five times that of SD. Early HDTV broadcasting used analog techniques, but today HDTV is digitally broadcast using video compression.
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HDTV

HDTV uses different formats for transmission, amongst which: 1280 720 pixels in progressive scan mode (abbreviated 720p) or 1920 1080 pixels in interlace mode (1080i). HDTV has much wider aspect ratio of 16:9 as compared to 4:3 for standard TV. The flat panel Plasma and LCD TVs are HDTVs.

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