Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
•What is a fluid?
•How is pressure defined?
•Pressure due to liquid and atmosphere
•What is gauge pressure and absolute pressure?
•How is pressure measured?
•What is blood pressure, systole and diastole?
•How is the blood pressure measured?
•Bernoulli’s principle and its applications
Fluids and Pressure in fluids
P = hρg
Pabs = Pg + Patm
• absolute pressure in fluids cannot
be negative.
• the smallest absolute pressure is
zero.
• the smallest possible gauge
pressure is Pg = -Patm (i. e. Pabs is
zero),
Measurement of gauge pressure
Pascal’s principle: A change in pressure applied
to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished
to all portions of the fluid and to the walls of its
container.
In mechanical pressure
gauges such as an oil
pressure gauge, the pressure
of liquid creates a force,
which is then converted into
a pressure reading.
Open-tube manometer
A Sphygmomanometer
Sphygmomanometer
Measuring blood pressure
A common way to measure arterial blood pressure
is the auscultatory ( 聽診 ) method. This method
requires a sphygmomanometer ( 血壓計 ), and a
stethoscope ( 聽診器 ).
The main parts of a sphygmomanometer contain a
pressure cuff, a hand pump with a valve, a pressure
dial or a mercury manometer.
The cuff used to measure the blood pressure
should not be too narrow, or it will falsely raise the
blood pressure. The inflatable bladder inside the
cuff should have a width that is 40% of the arm
circumference, and a length that is 80% of the arm
circumference.
Measuring blood pressure
A stethoscope possesses 4 basic parts: a bell,
diaphragm, tubing, and earpieces.
The bell detects a broad spectrum of sounds and
is used to listen to low-pitched heart and lung
sounds.
The diaphragm is used to listen to high pitched
heart and lung sounds.
The tubing should be thick enough so the
external noise cannot be heard
Fluid flow in a pipe
When a fluid flows slowly along a pipe, the flow
is said to be steady (laminar flow, 層流 )
Streamlines, which are lines representing the
direction of fluid flow, are drawn parallel to the
walls of the pipe.
When the liquid flows faster than a certain
speed, the friction between the pipe walls and
the liquid increases. This creates turbulence,
and the streamlines are no longer straight. This
is called turbulent flow ( 湍流 ).
Fluid flow in a pipe
For h1=h2 P1 + ρv = P2 + ρv
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
2