INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING :D

Errors Mistakes Types of error Accuracy Precision Theory of Probability

Group 5 - Amores, Ansaldo, Dueas, Moting, Nardo, & Ramirez

Errors (refer to page 32)

Is defined as the difference between the value and the measured value of the quantity. Are inherent in all measurements and result from sources which cannot be avoided. This is often beyond the control of the one performing the operation.

Common cause of errors

Type of the equipment used or the way they were mounted Imperfections of the senses of the person undertaking the measurement By natural causes

Mistakes

Inaccuracies in measurements occur because the operation was performed by the surveyor with carelessness, inattention, poor judgment and improper execution. Also caused by misunderstanding of the problem, inexperience, or indifference Large mistake is called a Mistakes and blunders are not classified as errors for they are usually so large in magnitude compared to errors.

Mistakes that are frequently committed:

Reading the wrong graduation on the tape Omitting a whole length of tape Transposition of figures Reading a scale backwards Incorrect recording on the field notes Misplacing the decimal points and etc.

Error vs. Mistake

An error is defined as the difference between the true value and the measured value of a quantity. Part of the job is realizing what those errors are, and making the necessary measurements to minimize the said errors. Mistakes, on the other hand, are inaccuracies in measurements which occur because some aspect of a surveying operation. (refer to prior slide)

Examples are writing south instead of north, or 200 feet instead of 20 feet.

Types of Errors (refer to page 33 of the book)

Systematic errors type of error that will always have the same sign and magnitude as long as the field conditions constant and unchanged. Accidental errors - errors that are purely accidental in character. -caused by factors beyond the control of the surveyor

Sources of Errors

Instrumental errors -are due to imperfections in the instruments used, either from faults in their construction or from improper adjustments bet. different parts prior to their use. Natural errors -errors caused by variations in the phenomena of nature such as change of magnetic declination, temperature, humidity, wind, refraction, gravity, and curvature of the earth.

Sources of Errors

Personal Errors -errors arise principally from limitations of senses of sight, touching and hearing of the human observer which are likely to be erroneous or inaccurate.

Accuracy (refer to page 35)

Indicates how close a given measurement is to the absolute or true value of the quantity measured. Implies the between related measurements and the expectations. As the measured value approaches the actual value, the magnitude of the error becomes smaller and smaller; and as the magnitude of the total error increases, the accuracy of the measurement increases.

Precision

Refers to the degree of with which any physical measurement is made. Portrayed by the closeness to one another of a set of repeated measurements of a quantity.

Accuracy vs. Precision

Theory of Probability (refer to page 37)

Probability a number of times something will probably occur over the range of possible occurrences. It is useful in indicating the precision of results only as far as they are affected by accidental errors.

Theory of Probability

It is based upon the following assumptions relative to the occurrences of errors: Small errors occur more often than large ones and are more probable. Large errors happen infrequently and are therefore less probable. Positive and negative errors of the same size happen with large frequency. The mean of an infinite number of observations is the most probable value.

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Most Probable Value

Abbreviated as mpv, it is a group of repeated measurements made under similar conditions. It refers to a quantity which, based on available data, has more chances of being correct than has any number. Determined by the following equation: