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QPM does not rely on BPM, only polarization can be used, including cases where all waves parallelly polarized with respect to one another Largest deff found in ferroelectrics LiNbO3, LiTaO3, and isotropic media GaAs where BPM is not possible
Domain Reversal
Electric Field poling in bulk crystals of ferroelectric families, KTP families Patterning a periodic electrode on one surface of the crystal Applying voltage to produce a field exceeding coercive field to reverse domains in electrode region LiNbO3/LiTaO3:Transparent near UV LiNbO3-28pm/V, absorption edge:220nm, shortest shg:386 nm LiTaO3-16pm/V, absorption edge:277nm, shortest shg:325 nm Mid-infrared: Multi-photon Absorption-4-5 m-> limit high power operation CW interaction:6.6m Short pulse operation:7.25 m Photorefractive effect->MgO doping GRIIRA Mg-LN: Grating period-1.4m, thickness-1mm Challenge in increasing thickness due to pulsed poling, diffusion bonding
Other Crystals
KTP families: d33-17,15,16 pm/V QPM SHG wavelength: PPKTP: minimum-359 nm, maximum 2.74 m Length- 8mm Resistant to photo-refraction Gray tracking-long lived color centers under intense visible radiation Depends on ->intensity, spot diameter , pulse repetition rate, method of crystal growth. Draw back: Multi-photon absorption Difficulty in average power operation Semiconductor families: III-V, II-VI mid-IR application GaAs: 95 pm/V, transparent upto 3 phonon peak-12m Thermal Conductivity-52W/m-k Coherence length-10-100 m Challenge- in fabrication, corresponds to high loss Grating period achieved-40m in.5mm thick crystal, 20m in 200 m thick crystal
Grating
Transversely varying grating
Multi grating,->array of grating fan grating->continuous tuning of QPM based on wavelength angled grating->Tilt domain pattern at small angle to o/p facet of crystal
Different gratings
Linear-chirped gratings
Apodized gratings
Fibbonacci gratings
Different gratings
Phase reversed gratings
Numerical modeling of errors in 1D QPM gratings and its effect on parametric process
Numerical modeling of errors in 1D QPM gratings and its effect on parametric process
effect of periodicity
Numerical modeling of errors in 1D QPM gratings and its effect on parametric process
External factors
LiNbO3-properties
Photorefractive Effect Pyro-electric Effect Piezo electric Effect
Photorefractive Effect
Extrinsic defect- presence of Fe+. Cu+,Rh+ in LN->intermediate energy level between conduction and valence band ->electrons in that level get optically excited for long exposure to laser beam->electrons migrate to Conduction band leaving holes and diffuse through crystal to low-intensity region>generation of local electric field changing refractive index
Pyro-electric effect