Fig. 1.

11

Nucleus: structure and function

Heterochromatin =
too compacted, transcriptionally inactive

nuclear envelope

Nucleolus Nucleoplasm Euchromatin = can be transcriptionally active

Nuclear envelope and lamina

cytoplasm

N. lamina

Nuclear pore

heterochromatin

Nuclear lamina

Lamins are filamentous proteins in the intermediate filament family

Lamin phosphorylation in prophase disassembles the nuclear lamina & allows for nuc. envel. breakdown

Laminins are extracellular proteins, unrelated

Nuclear pore
nuclear localization signals (nuclear import signals) nuclear export signals highly regulated

Mitochondria(on)
outer membrane

inner membrane

DNA matrix

cristae ribosomes ATP synthase

Inner Membrane and matrix

hi [H+]
electron transport system
NADH

FADH2 Krebs cycle ATP4-

ATP synthase

Antiporter symporter P04-2 ADP3pyruvate

H+

Endosymbiotic theory: Mitochondria

are similar to prokaryotes
Own circular, naked DNA Own ribosomes - similar to prokaryotic
e.g. sensitive to same inhibitors

Divide by fission Double membrane suggests endocytosis

Lysosomes: membranous organelles

filled with digestive enzymes
Breakdown endocytosed materials
Thru phagocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis

Breakdown old organelles (residual body) Acidic pH

Phagocytosis vs. Autophagy

Phagocytosis

lysosomes

Autophagy

Membrane trafficking
RER to cis Golgi Modified in Golgi (glycosylation, phosphorylation) Sorted at trans Golgi network into

Lysosomal
Regulated constitutive

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes Synthesis of secreted and membrane proteins

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

Signal hypothesis: signal peptide, SRP, SRP-receptor, translocon

SRP = signal recognition particle

Smooth ER, lipid synthesis, detox, Ca2+ sequestration

Golgi

Transport thru Golgi cisternae is vectorial

Cis Medial Trans

Protein modifications occur in steps in the Golgi. The extent of changes varies.
RER retrieval, PO4 on mannose, mannose removal mannose removal N-acetylglucosamine addition

CIS & CGN

MEDIAL
TRANS TGN

fucose and glucose addition

sialic acid addition, sorting

Glycosylation

Karp, Fig. 8.20

Sorting at the TGN

constitutive secretion

lysosomal pathway regulated secretion

trans Golgi network

Receptor Mediated endocytosis

Plasma membrane & Fluid mosaic model

Phospholipids are most common in membranes

Polar Head

Fatty acid tails

phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol

Thermodynamics drives membranes to form sealed compartments

Cut open liposome

H2O

Fluidity means that lipids (& proteins) can float in the membrane via diffusion

Time

Three classes of membrane proteins: Transmembrane proteins (a type of IMP)

Oligosaccharides - always face out OUT

Extracellular domain (ECD)

Transmembrane domain

IN

Intracellular domain (ICD)

Three classes of membrane proteins: Lipidanchored membrane proteins (IMPs)

Covalently linked to a glycophospholipid.

OUT

E.G.: Normal cellular scrapie protein & alkaline phosphatase

Covalently linked to fatty acid

IN

E.G.: ras

Three classes of membrane proteins: Peripheral membrane proteins (PMPs)

OUT

Or, PMPs could bind to specific lipid heads.

IN Specific interaction between IMP & PMP

IMPs as a-helix or b-barrel

Selective permeability

Osmosis causing cell lysis.

Four mechanisms by which solute molecules move ACROSS membranes

Simple diffusion across bilayer

Simple diffusion thru channel

Facilitated Diffusion thru passive transporters

Active transport

Membrane Potential Affects Molecular Movement

A. neutral

No effect on inward transport

No effect on outward transport

B. cation

Favors inward transport

Opposes outward transport

C. anion

Opposes inward transport

Favors outward transport

Passive transport by channel proteins: dont bind solute & can be ligand-, voltage-, or stress-gated

Passive Transport by Facilitated diffusion

Solute binds transporter protein
So, transport is saturable

Kinetics of carrier-mediated transport

Active transport by the Na/K pump or ATPase