CELLS

Structure and Function

Cell = smallest unit of life

Two Major Cell Types

Cell Type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Example

Bacteria
Protists Fungi Plants Animals

Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic Cell
(protist, animal)

Eukaryotic Cell
(plant)

Differences Between Cell Types

Prokaryotic Cell
Single circular chromosome

Eukaryotic Cell
Multiple linear chromosomes

Chromosome found Chromosomes found in a cytoplasmic in a membraneregion called the bound nucleus. nucleoid.
No internal membranes Some infolded plasma membrane Extensive network of internal membranes

Common Components and Cellular Organization Plasma Membrane boundary surrounding the cell Genetic material: DNA
located in a membrane-bound nucleus for eukaryotic cells

Cytoplasm
Semi-fluid matrix containing enzymes and organelles (enzyme = biological catalyst)

Cytoskeleton
network of filaments and tubules in cytoplasm that maintains cell shape, allows movement

Features of Prokaryotic Cells

All prokaryotic cells contain

Structure Plasma Membrane Nucleoid Cytoplasm

Function
Regulates flow of substances into and out of cell Cytoplasmic region containing genetic material Cytosol: fluid Ribosomes Enzymes

Features of Prokaryotic Cells

Other possible prokaryotic structures

Structure
Cell Wall Capsule

Function
Supports cell Maintains shape Protects from drying Protects against white blood cells Metabolism Cell division

Infolded Plasma Membranes

Features of Prokaryotic Cells

Other possible prokaryotic structures

Structure
Bacterial Flagellum Plasmid

Function
Movement Small circular DNA Replicates independently

Applying Your Knowledge

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cell Wall Flagellum Capsule Plasmid Nucleoid

In bacterial cells where is the genetic material located? which one is used for movement? which one provides structural support for the cell?

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features

Structure

Function(s)
2. Cell-Cell Recognition

1. Regulates passage of Plasma materials into and out of cell Membrane

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features

Structure
Cell Wall
(protists, fungi, plants)

Function(s)
1. Controls cell shape, protects, supports

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features

Structure

Function(s)
1. Carrier of genetic material DNA + protein = chromatin 2. Governs cell activities 3. Directs cell reproduction 4. Surrounded by Membrane = nuclear envelope 5. Contains nucleolus produces ribosomes which synthesize proteins

Nucleus

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features

RER

SER

Structure
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Function(s)
1. Associated ribosomes produce proteins 2. Prepares proteins for export 1. Lipid Synthesis 2. Drug detoxification 3. Transport of proteins from RER

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features

Structure
Golgi Apparatus

Function(s)
Collects, modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids from ER

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features

Structure
Lysosome

Function(s)
Contains digestive enzymes to digest food in protists or destroy aging organelles

Endomembrane System
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Vesicle
Golgi Apparatus Lysosome

Vesicle

Vesicle

Plasma Membrane

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features

Structure
Peroxisome

Function
Removes harmful oxidants from cells

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features

Structure
Mitochondrion

Function
Captures energy from organic molecules, producing ATP

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features

Structure

Function

Chloroplast Photosynthesis: Uses light (protists, plants) energy to produce organic molecules

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features

Structure
Cytoskeleton

Function(s)
1. Maintains cell shape 2. Anchors organelles and proteins 3. Allows for organelle movement and cellular movement in some cell types

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features

Structure
Centriole

Function
Gives rise to basal bodies that produce cilia or flagella

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features

Structure Function(s)
Vacuole
1. Central vacuole (plants) stores waste, maintains turgidity. 2. Contractile vacuole (protists) maintains water balance. 3. Food vacuole (protists) fuses with lysosome for digestion.

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features

Structure
Cilia and Flagella

Function(s)
1. Move substances across cell surface in lungs, fallopian tubes 2. Cell movement in sperm, protists

Applying Your Knowledge

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cilium Rough ER Golgi apparatus Smooth ER Lysosome

A. Which organelle produces proteins that will be exported from the cell? B. Which organelle contains digestive enzymes? C. Which site acts as a protein packaging and distribution center?

Thought Questions
1. What are similarities for
a. eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? b. animal and plant cells? 2. What are differences between a. eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? b. animal and plant cells?

Analogy
If the cell were a factory

the ____________________ would be

(name a cell component)

a _____________________________.
(name a part of a factory)

Part of Cell
Capsule Cell Wall Chloroplast

Part of Factory
Security Gate Outer Fence around the factory Solar Panel

Cytoskeleton
Cilia/Flagella Enzyme

Moving Belt where items are inspected Steel Support, Interior Walls
Conveyor Belt, Elevator/Escalator Worker; Assemblage Machinery

Golgi Complex
Mitochondrion Nucleoid

Distribution/Packaging Department Mailroom

Generator, Engine Room, Power Source Storage of pre-production material

Nucleus
Plasma Membrane Ribosomes

Supervisors Office, Boss Corporate Office, Central Operations

Loading/Unloading Dock, Inner Wall, Door Assembly Line Track

RER
SER

Production Line
Shipping Dock

Cellular Interactions
Signal Transduction: passing a signal from the cell surface to the interior
First messenger binds to Cell Surface Receptor
Receptor signals nearby Regulator Protein Regulator activates nearby enzyme Enzyme catalyzes formation of Second Messenger Second Messenger initiates Cellular Response

Cellular Interactions
Cell Adhesion: joining of cells controlled by proteins called Cellular Adhesion Molecules (CAMS) important in
Inflammatory Response Placenta Formation Learning and Memory

Lack of cell adhesion is implicated in cancer and arthritis.