Research:

Quantitative Approach
Laili Rahayuwati Fakultas Keperawatan Universitas Padjadjaran

Research Philosophy in Health

Health Sciences Health professional is not only user but also developer Human is dynamic Relevance of logic body of knowledge Scientific steps, scientific question, scientific methods

Research Definition
Researchable >< managable Research is scientific process of inquiry that involves purposeful, systematic and rigorous collection of data Research aim is for developing an organized body of scientific knowledge

Qualitative Review
Philosophical underpinnings: constructivism Inductive logic Data are represented textually or pictorially Associated terms: grounded theory, ethnography, case studies, purposive sampling, categorical vs. contextualizing strategies, trustworthiness, credibility

Quantitative Characteristics
Philosophical underpinnings: positivism/postpositivism (singular reality; objective; deductive) Deductive logic Data are represented numerically Associated terms: survey research, probability and non probability sampling, experimental and quasiexperimental Designs: descriptive and inferential statistics

Comparing Qualitative and Quantitative

Qualitative Research Discover Ideas, with General Research Objects Observe and Interpret Unstructured Free Form RESEARCH ASPECT COMMON PURPOSE Quantitative Research Test Hypotheses or Specific Research Questions Measure and Test

APPROACH

DATA COLLECTION APPROACH Structured Response Categories Provided RESEARCHER INDEPENDENCE Researcher uninvolved Observer. Results are objective

Research is Inelmately involved. Result are subjective

Small samplesoften in Natural setting

SAMPLES

Large samples to Produce Generalization Results (Results that Apply to Other Situations)

Quantitative Research
Asks specific, narrow questions, collects quantifiable data from participants (a large number of participants); analyzes these numbers using statistics; and conducts the inquiry in an unbiased, objective manner.

Quantitative Research
Dasar teori: variabel sebagai obyek (definisi operasional), validitas, reliabilitas terukur. Membangung fakta, hubungan antar variabel, menaksir, maramalkan hasil Disain: sturuktur, baku, formal, spesifik. Data: kuantitatif, skala pengukuran terukur Sampel Teknik pengumpulan data

Karakteristik Peneliti dan Data

Hubungan peneliti dan yang diteliti. Analisis data: deduktif dengan uji teoritis dan empiris menggunakan sarana, misal statistik.

Quantitative Research Design

A. Descriptive: 1. Case studies/case report 2. Case series 3. Ecological Study 4. Cross sectional/survey

Quantitative Research Research

B. Analitic 1. Observational Study: Comparative-Analytical Study a. Cross sectional Comparative/Analytical Studies b. Case Control Studies c. Cohort Studies 2. Experimental Study/Intervention Study Pure Experimental Study Quasi Experiment

Contoh
Hubungan antara typhoid dan handwashing

Populasi

Random

E+ (Terpapar) D- (Tidak Sakit)

E+ (Terpapar) D+ (Sakit)

E- (Tidak terpapar) D- (Tidak Sakit)

E (Tidak terpapar) D+ (Sakit)

Population

Cases (Sakit)

Control (Tidak sakit)

E+ (Terpapar)

E- (Tidak terpapar))

E+ (Terpapar)

E- (Tidak terpapar)

Case control study

Exposure ? ? Disease Controls

Retrospective nature

Population (D-)

E+

E-

D+

D-

D+

D-

Cohort Study
Longitudinal Study/Follow up Study

Exposure

Follow up

Disease

Analisis, Ukuran, Perhitungan

Classic Table 2x2

D a c b d

Prevalence Proportion PP E = (a/a+b) x 100 PPE = (c/(c+d) x 100 Prevalence Ratio PR = PP E/ PPE Prevalence Odd Ratio POR = ad/bc Prevalence Difference PD = PP E - PPE`

 Odd Ratio OR = D D OR = a/c = ad b/d bc

 OR estimated to RR RR = E E RR = a (a+b) c (c+d)