ILJ 7 Patrol Opertations

Chapter Seven Introduction to Policing
Patrol Operations: The Traditional Approach
The Traditional Patrol Method:

Random a routine patrol (AKA preventative patrol). 2. Rapid response to citizens 911 calls. 3. Retroactive investigation of past crimes by detectives (CID).
1.
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 2
911 Policing
Only half of 911 calls result in a unit being dispatched Seventeen percent of calls are transferred to another agency In only 25% of weapons present calls are weapons actually present-people report weapons because they think they will get a response quicker Eighteen percent of calls get an urgent response
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Patrol

Does
a high crime rate mean the police are ineffective? Can you really find the police at the donut shop
Studies of Rapid Response:
Quick response time does have some impact on crime solving. Three basic components:
1. Time between crime and call to police 2. Dispatch time 3. Response time
Retroactive Investigation
Traditionally almost all felonies and some misdemeanors were investigated by CID. 93 percent of all CID effort was not productive. One study indicated half of all CID to be replaced without influencing a crime clearance rates. In single most important factor is information victim supplies to responding patrol.
Activities of patrol officer
Samuel Walker 1829

Deterrence of crime. 2. Maintaining feeling of public security. 3. 24-hour availability of service.
1.
Unit 9: Patrol Operations
Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?
American Bar Association
Deter crime maintaining visible presence. 2. Maintaining public order. 3. Quick response to violations or emergencies.
1.
American Bar Association

1. 2.
3. 4.
Identify and apprehend criminals. Aid individuals. Facilitate movement of traffic and people. Create a sense of security in the community.
Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 10
0 W. Wilson
Thought police should give impression of omnipresence. Emphasize to the rational distribution of patrol officers according to workload formula. His writings were Bible of policing. Many things wrong and based on faulty assumptions.
Gay, Schell and Schack defined patrol activity in the four categories:
1.
2. 3. 4.
Calls for service 25 %. Preventative patrol 40 %. Officer initiated activities (tickets) 15%. Administrative task 20 %.
Patrol Activity Studies:

Show
that vast majority of police calls are not criminal in nature.
Very
few were violent crime.
13
The Kansas City Study: 1972
Random police patrol was increased, remained the same, or eliminated in various areas throughout the city. First major study of patrol tactics. Results indicated patrol type did not have impact on crime. Found 50 % of police officers time was uncommitted and could be used more effectively.
Kansas City Experiment

The experiment was designed to answer the following questions:
Would citizens notice changes in the level of police patrol?

Would different levels of visible police patrol affect recorded crime or the outcome of victim surveys? Would citizen fear of crime and attendant behavior change as a result of differing patrol levels? Would their degree of satisfaction with police change? The design took three different police beats in Kansas City, and varied patrol routine in them. The first group received no routine patrols, instead the police responded only to calls from residents. The second group had the normal level of patrols, while the third 9: Patrol Operations Question : What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? hadUnit two to three times Essential as many patrols. 15
Patrol:
Two major deployments for patrol are motorized patrol and foot patrol. In the 1960s and 1970s foot patrols considered wasteful, at the time there were no portable radios. By the 1980s virtually all police were vehicle patrol. Vehicle patrol has been criticized a man in the car is isolated from the community.
Patrol
Agencies have different staffing levels and deploy manpower in different ways In D.C. there are 6.7 officers per thousand and D.C. has one of the highest crime rates in the nation In San Jose there are 1.6 officers per thousand National average is 2.3 per thousand
17
Patrol Effectiveness
Is a higher patrol-population effective? Cities with higher crime rates often have higher ratios but still have high crime rates Agencies use different scheduling techniques to meet calls for service (CFS) Low income areas usually have a higher officer ratio than high income Certain areas of most cities generate a disproportionate level of CFS (80-20 rule)
Types of Patrol
More than 80% of all patrol is vehicle oriented Only 4% is foot patrol- now is usually seen in community policing programs Almost 5% is done with motorcycles Almost 5% is bicycle patrol Horse patrol and water patrol accounts for the remainder
19
One or Two
Cities are moving away from two men units to save money Almost 90% of all units are one man cars Police Unions oppose one man cars for reasons of safety Some reports indicate one man units make more cases and have fewer resisting arrest cases To staff one unit 24/7 it takes 4.8 officers Newark N.J. found 19% of beats not staffed due to manpower shortages
Returned to Foot Patrol

Foot patrol research indicates: 1. When foot patrols added levels of fear decreased. 2. When patrol is withdrawn fear significantly increases. 3. System satisfaction of police increases with the patrol. 4. Police had more interaction with neighborhood residents. 5. Foot patrol police have greater job satisfaction, less fear, and higher morale.
Styles of Policing and Managing

Amount of work done by police officers depends on their style-is public contact officer initiated or response to a CFS Loose supervision of officers can lead to laxness
22
CID
Job to solve or clear reported crimes. Organized two ways centralized or decentralized:
centralized all detectives operate a central
office and specialized particular types of crime. decentralized detectives work out precinct and handle a variety of crime.
23
Detectives mystique
The idea that detective work as glamorous exciting and dangerous. In reality a majority of time is filling our reports and interviewing victims.
24
Traffic operations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Elimination of accidents Identification of traffic problems and hazards Regulation of parking Investigation of traffic accidents Public education (includes tickets) Arrest offenders
Special police operations

Swat
- first was Philadelphia 1960s.
Today
about 90% of police agencies have a paramilitary unit.

Emergency service units

Increasingly
popular Often merges with fire department Services include search and rescue, HazMat, bomb squad, and other first responder services
27
Chapter Eight Introduction to Policing
Patrol Operations: A New Approach
Alternatives to Traditional Patrol
Directed patrol-officers are given specific duties when not responding to calls
Assignments based on crime analysis, specific
problems, or complaints Proven very effective
29
Split force patrol-one portion of patrol force handles dispatch goals the other are on directed patrol
Also proven very effective especially in
improved productivity
30
Differential response to calls for service-not all calls for service to 911 are responded to by police
Rated for importance or severity Less serious calls are handled alternative
methods

Unit sent later Report taken at precinct Report taken by nonsworn officer Appointment made for reportedly taken
Differential response to calls for service

While research indicates effectiveness improves
community dissatisfaction is a possibility Allocation of natural resources should depend on effectiveness not public relations
32
Managing Criminal Investigations(MCI)

Expands role of patrol officers to include
investigative responsibilities

Handles follow-up Locating interviewing victims and witnesses Detecting evidence Prepares initial investigative report
Designing a new method to manage
investigations using a screening method
Solvability factors
Managing Criminal Investigations(MCI)

Grading based according to solve ability Is there a witness Is suspect known Can suspect the identified Is victim cooperative MCI allows investigators to put more time and
effort into very important cases

A small number of criminals are responsible for most of predatory street from the U.S. Repeat offender programs (ROPS). First police identify criminals that maintain surveillance and attend to catch the criminal in the act. Second they use case enhancement to ensure proper handling of the offender by the criminal justice system.
Case Enhancement a liaison is established with the district attorneys office to alert the importance of the case coming from a career criminal. This assures zealous efforts by the prosecutor and maximum sentencing by the judge.
36
New, Proactive Techniques
Uniformed tactical operations-officers are relieved from traditional patrol responsibilities to concentrate on proactive crime control. Units often saturated area experiencing crime problems, make numerous pedestrian and vehicle stops, and make numerous field interrogations.

Field
interrogations (FI) a contact with a citizen initiated by a patrol officer who stops, questions, and sometimes searches because the officer has a reasonable suspicion that subject may have committed, or maybe committing, or about to commit a crime.
Aggressive patrol tactics-uniform tactical operations use this tactic where they stop numerous people and vehicles attempt to discover evidence of crime.
Often causes community unrest and charges of citizens
rights violations Used highly effectively in the 1990s in New York City in addition with zero tolerance policies. Even minor offenders were frisked and checked. While crime rates plummeted tensions between the minority community and the New York police skyrocketed.
Saturation patrol - another uniform tactical operations utilizing a larger number of uniform officers than normal to a particular area to deal with particular crime
Also highly effective
40
Decoy operations:
Blending-officers dressed in civilian clothes to
blend into an area or in and unmarked car Decoy-officers stress and play the role of potential victims or as a fellow criminal
Most effective in larceny investigations
41
Stakeout operations:
A group of heavily armed officers waiting for
anticipated crime to occur usually a robbery
Sting operations:
Major technique used in recent years using
various undercover methods to apprehend criminals usually involved in burglaries and thefts Example-pawn shop run by undercover officers that buys stolen property
Code enforcement-a method whereby police, fire, building, and zoning departments work together to address crime areas usually crack houses Efforts against drunk drivers-usually utilize checkpoints or roadblocks
Often used to detect other crime
43
Undercover operations-where an investigator assumes a different identity to obtain information.

Used a lot by police both locally federally and
increasingly by private security
Shrinkage-term used to describe the difference between inventory on hand and inventory on paper. Usually shrinkage occurs through employee theft and shoplifting.
Entrapment-defined as inducing an individual to commit a crime he or she did not contemplate for the sole purpose of criminal prosecution
Jacobsen vs. the United States, 1992-limits the
extreme use of entrapment. It established:
officer should be able to articulate legitimate law enforcement purpose Avoid using persistent or coercive techniques Officer should be able to demonstrate the defendant was disposed to commit the criminal act prior to government involvement
45
Traffic Stops
All Images Microsoft Corporation

5 Reasons for Vehicle Contacts

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Issue citation Issue warning Aid motorist Investigate suspicious vehicle Investigate suspected criminal activity unrelated to vehicle
Washs Rule of Traffic Stops

There is ALWAYS inherent risk in any contact
48
Objectives of Vehicle Contact

1. To protect yourself and others 2. To protect property, vehicles 3. To ensure due process
1. Clearly ID self as officer 2. Verbally notify of suspected offense 3. Advise rights
Most important thing:

ALWAYS call in license plate, location of stop, and other information to dispatch
50
Pull Over Placement

Choose good stop position
Consider:

Lighting Traffic hazard Environmental hazards Interference by spectators

Have car move if necessary
Washs
nd 2
Rule
If you think you need back up call for it and wait.

Discretion is the better part of valor
52
Vehicle Positions
Inline use in narrow space
All lights on
53
Vehicle Positions
Off-Set use in wide space
Offers safe path to other vehicle
54
Vehicle Positions
Left Angle use in wide space
Offers safe path to other vehicle Offers Cover Limits use of light for concealment
55
Approach Concerns:
Concealment vehicles: vans, rvs Multiple occupants Vehicle believed to be leaving any crime Suspicious behavior
56
Approach Concerns:
Options:
Bring driver back to you Use back up
57
Driver Side Approach:

Most common Convenient Limits escape options Immediate access to driver DUI Dangerous traffic more likely to be hurt by other car than driver
Tactical Driver Side Approach:

Off set vehicle Allows for you to see driver from their mirror but they cannot see you
59
Passenger Side Approach:

Big element of surprise Go around back of own car Increased cover and escape options for officer Decreases driver contact Dangerous to reach across car
Bringing Driver Back:

Increasingly popular You can order passengers back as well Maximizes view Limits concealment Easy weapon access for officer Psychological advantage Separates the driver from the passengers Puts driver in harms way - DUI
Dos and Don'ts

Be aware of other threats Keep gun hand free Dont close or lock door Have occupants keep hands where you can see them Check trunk Stay in blind spot, use cover of lights Use flashlight to view interior
Dos and Donts

Stay behind door Have them hand license out to you Explain everything Ask Is there a lawful reason you were Walk back keep - attention on occupants Tickets dont take eye off car Return the same way NEVER REACH IN CAR
Dos and Donts

DONT say have a nice day! (may be taken wrong) try drive safe
Night time:
Do not cross headlights Flashlight in weak hand
64
High Risk Contacts

Once called felony stops Factors:
High potential for bodily harm Greater threat to public safety Arrest needs heavy control of subjects
Vehicle Positions
High Risk
66
High Risk Contacts

3 Important Objectives:
Communication Coordination Control
67
Communication
CYMBLE
Color Year Make Body License Equipment
Radio all possible relevant info Be sure to CONSTANTLY communicate to other officers
Coordination
Do not approach alone Contact Officer: controls contact Cover Officer: keeps eyes on car Arrest Officer: searching, interviewing and cuffing Traffic Officer: maintains perimeter Forward Observer: avoids crossfire and provides 411 (optional position)
Control
Coordinate efforts before starting 35-50 ft distance Use proper techniques cuffing, etc. Clear, consistent, & concise communication Verbalize specific commands Use appropriate level of force
Clear Vehicle
On approach assume plus one mentality Options for dealing with occupant refusing to cooperate
Time/wait Talk/bluff Negotiations Call tactical/SWAT Tactical approach
Lab
Each person will rotate through positions of team Others will remain quiet, pay attention and behave! RPD is a BIG supporter of program you must make a good impression! LAB GRADE: team will deal with unknown and be evaluated. They will also write a police report on situation.
Traffic Stops
73
Kansas City Experiment

Major findings
Citizens did not notice the difference when the frequency of patrols was changed.
ncreasing or decreasing the level of patrol had no significant effect on resident and ommercial burglaries, auto thefts, larcenies involving auto accessories, robberies, or andalismcrimes.
The rate at which crimes were reported did not differ significantly across the experimental eats.
Citizen reported fear of crime was not affected by different levels of patrol.
Citizen satisfaction with police did not vary. Conclusions drawn
The Kansas city police department drew the conclusion that routine preventive patrol in marked police cars has little value in preventing crime or making citizens feel safe and that resourcesEssential normally allocated to these activities could safely be allocated Unit 9: Patrol Operations Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 74 elsewhere.

ILJ 7 Patrol Opertations

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

ILJ 7 Patrol Opertations

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Chapter Seven Introduction to Policing

Patrol Operations: The Traditional Approach

The Traditional Patrol Method:

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Patrol

Studies of Rapid Response:

Activities of patrol officer

Samuel Walker 1829

Unit 9: Patrol Operations

American Bar Association

American Bar Association

Unit 9: Patrol Operations

Unit 9: Patrol Operations

Patrol Activity Studies:

that vast majority of police calls are not criminal in nature.

few were violent crime.

Unit 9: Patrol Operations

The Kansas City Study: 1972

Kansas City Experiment

Would citizens notice changes in the level of police patrol?

Unit 9: Patrol Operations

Unit 9: Patrol Operations

Returned to Foot Patrol

Styles of Policing and Managing

Unit 9: Patrol Operations

Unit 9: Patrol Operations

Unit 9: Patrol Operations

Unit 9: Patrol Operations

Special police operations

- first was Philadelphia 1960s.

about 90% of police agencies have a paramilitary unit.

Unit 9: Patrol Operations

Emergency service units

Unit 9: Patrol Operations

Chapter Eight Introduction to Policing

Patrol Operations: A New Approach

Alternatives to Traditional Patrol

problems, or complaints Proven very effective

Unit 9: Patrol Operations

Alternatives to Traditional Patrol

Unit 9: Patrol Operations

Alternatives to Traditional Patrol

Unit 9: Patrol Operations

Alternatives to Traditional Patrol

Differential response to calls for service

Unit 9: Patrol Operations

Alternatives to Traditional Patrol

Managing Criminal Investigations(MCI)

Designing a new method to manage

investigations using a screening method

Unit 9: Patrol Operations

Alternatives to Traditional Patrol

Managing Criminal Investigations(MCI)

effort into very important cases

Alternatives to Traditional Patrol

Alternatives to Traditional Patrol

Unit 9: Patrol Operations

New, Proactive Techniques

Unit 9: Patrol Operations

New, Proactive Techniques

Unit 9: Patrol Operations

New, Proactive Techniques

Unit 9: Patrol Operations

New, Proactive Techniques