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5-3 AGGREGATE FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT 5-4 MINERAL FILLER 5-5 BITUMINOUS MATERIALS 5-6 BITUMINOUS BINDERS
2. 3.
4.
TABLE 5-2 MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF DELETERIOUS MATERIALS PERMITTED IN COARSE AGGREGATE FOR CONCRETE AASHTO M-80 Materials Chert (2.40 specific gravity) Coal and Lignite Clay Lumps Maximum AllowablePercent by Weight
Pavements
3.00% 0.5 3
Bridge Deck
3.00% 0.5 2
1
12 18
1
12 18
The Department of Public Works and Highways Standard Specifications classify aggregate under item 703 and specifically provides that: 1. Aggregate shall consist of hard, durable particles or fragments of crushed stone, crush slug or crushed natural gravel. Material that breaks up when alternatively wetted and dried shall be discarded.
CHERT
COAL
LIGNITE
TABLE 5-3 SELECTED GRADING OF COARSE AGGREGATE FOR CONCRETE Size + Range in size Number 1-1/2 " to No. 4 3/4 " to No. 4 1 " to No. 4 1-1/2 " to No. 4 2 " to No. 4 1-1/4 " - 3/4 " 2-1 Inch 7 67 57 467 357 4 3 2-1/2 100 100 2 100 95-100 100 90-100 1-1/2 100 95-100 90-100 35-70 1 100 90-100 35-70 20-55 0-15 3/4 100 90-100 35-70 0-15 1/2 90-100 25-60 10-30 0-5 3/8 40-70 20-55 10-30 0-5 No. 4 0-15# 0-10# 0-10# 0-5 0-5 Percentage by Weight Passing L aboratory Sieves Having Square Openings
2. Coarse aggregates is the material retained on the 2.00 mm (No.10) sieve and shall have a percentage of water not more than 50 for sub-base and not more than 45 for base and surface courses as determined by ASSHTO designation test T-96.
3. Fine aggregate is the material passing the No. 10 sieve (2.00 mm) consisting of natural, crushed sand, and fine mineral particles. The fraction passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve should not be greater than 0.66 (2/3) of the fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve.
4. For Base coarse, the fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No.40) sieve shall have a liquid limit of not more than 25 and a Plastic Index (PI) not greater than 35, and Plastic Index not greater than 12. 5. For Surface coarse, the fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No.40) sieve shall have a liquid limit of not more than 35 and Plasticity Index not less than 4 nor exceed 9.
Coarse aggregates
Fine aggregates
1. Finely Powdered Limestone 2. Slag 3. Hydrated Lime 4. Portland Cement 5. Trap Rock Dust 6. Fly Ash
The DPWH Standard Specifications relative to mineral filler states that: Mineral filler shall consist of finely divided mineral matter such as rock dust, slag dust, hydrated lime, hydraulic cement, fly ash or other suitable mineral matter. It shall be free from organic impurities and at the time of use shall be sufficiently dry to flow freely and shall be essentially free from agglomerations AASHTO M-17 provides that: Percentage passing by weight shall be as follows: No. 30(0.66 mm) sieve No. 50(0.30 mm) sieve No. 200(0.075 mm) sieve 50 95-100 70-100
AASHTO further stipulates that all minerals other than hydrated lime or Portland cement, the Plastic Index (PI) value shall be 4 or less.
Slag
Hydrated lime
Mineral filler
Portland cement
Fly ash
TABLE 5-4 SUGGESTED SPRAYING AND MIXING TEMP. (C) FOR BITUMINOUS MATERIALS AND ROAD TARS*+ Pugmill Temperature + Spraying Temperature** Type and Grade of Asphalt Dense Grade Mixes Asphalt Cement AC-2.5 AC-5 AC-10 AC-20 AC-40 AR-1000 AR--2000 AR-4000 AR-8000 AR-16000 200-300 pen 120-150 85-100 60-70 40-50 Cutback Asphalt (RC, SC) 30 (MC Only) MC. 70 250 600 3000 Emulsified Asphalt RS-1, CRS-1 RS-2, CRS-2 MS-1, MS-2, CMS-2 MS-2h, CMS-2h SS-1, CSS-1 SS-1h, CSS-1h Road Tars RT1-2-3 RT5-6 RT7-8-9 RT1-0-11-12 65-105 80-120 15-55 27-65 65-105 80-120 15-55 27-65 65-105 80-120 10-70$ 10-70$ 10-70$ 10-70$ 20-70 20-70 20-70 20-70 20-60 50-80 50-80ii 75-100ii 80-150ii 20+ 40+ 55+ 30+ 50+ 75+ 95+ 110+ 115-140 120-145 120-155 130-165 130-170 105-135 135-165 135-165 135-165 150-175 115-150 120-155 120-165 130-170 130-175 80-120 80-120 80-120 80-120 80-120 80-120 80-120 80-120 80-120 80-120 80-120 80-120 80-120 80-120 80-120 130+ 130+ 140+ 145+ 150+ 130+ 140+ 140+ 145+ 150+ 135+ 140+ 145+ 145+ Open Grade Mixes Road Mixes Surface Temp.
+ F=9/5C+32 $ Temp. of the emulsified asphalt in the pugmill mixture Ii Rapid curing RC grades are not recommended for hot pugmill mixing ** Max. Temp. asphalt cement and cutback asphalt shall be below that at which fogging occurs.
Emulsified Asphalt
Emulsified asphalt is a kind of mixture wherein the minute globules of asphalt disperses in water. Asphalt content ranges from 55% - 70% by weight. Emulsion could be applied or mixed at normal temperature, because when the water content evaporates, the asphalt remains. It has the following characteristics. 1. Emulsified asphalt is excellent wit wet aggregate because the water medium carries the asphalt into a superior contact with the particle surfaces. 2. Emulsified asphalt is an alternate to cutback asphalt for energy and environmental objectives. It is an effective material in coating electropositive aggregate such as limestone but tend to strip from aggregates with high content of silica for having strong electronegative surface charges. 3. The Cationic Emulsion is very effective on high siliceous aggregates but may strip from high alkaline that carry strong positive surface changes. 4. Rejuvenating Agent is an emulsified petroleum resin sprayed over the surface of an old asphalt road that changes to asphaltenes causing the binder to harden and cracks. The rejuvenating agent sprayed over the pavement and softening the binder. Too much application however, produces a slick pavement surface.
Cationic Emulsion
Emulsified asphalt
Oxidized asphalt
Tack Coat
Bitumen-Rubber mixture
The bitumen rubber mixture for road pavement was experimented in Holland in the year 1929. It was adopted in the United States in 1947 and later, in European countries. The assessments of the road states: 1. Very little improvement gained as far as coefficient of friction on newly laid pavement but expect higher advantages after six months. The analysis of the Bureau of Public Roads states that: An appraisal of the real economic value of the addition of rubber to asphalt must wait on further observation of the behavior of experimental pavements under the influence of age, weather and traffic. 2. According to the report, powdered rubber foams added to bitumen has improved the stability of some but not all.
2. Test for durability AASHTO T-52 3. Test for solubility AASHTO T-44 4. Distillation test AASHTO T-78 5. Thin film oven test AASHTO-179 6. Flashpoint AASHTO T-48%79 7. Test for homogeneity of petroleum asphalt AASHTO T-102 8. Special test for emulsion asphalt AASHTO T-59 a. b. c. Test for demulsibility Test for settlement Sieve test d. Cement mixing test e. Particle charge and PH Test f. Miscibility and freezing test
Penetration tester
Distillation tester
Flashpoint tester
Sieve tester