Basic GSM

GSM
Wireless Technologies
Objectives
At the end of this module, the trainee should be able to: Define wireless technology Define basic terms like : cell, frequency reuse, handover, Access scheme Explain the network components in GSM network Draw flows for key GSM procedures like Location Update Originating Call Terminating Call
The contents here are for Aricent internal training purposes only and do not carry any commercial value
What is Wireless network? Communication between two network elements via a radio interface.
Access Network Switc h
Access without wire
How does user access network in absence of wire ?
Radio Access Schemes

TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access
Frequency Single User Time Slice
Time

FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access
Frequency Single User Frequency Slice
Time

Hybrid FDMA/TDMA
Frequency
Single User Bandwidth
Time
Concept of Cell/Frequency reuse

Cell is a small geographic area Every cell is covered by one base station having a set of frequencies With usage of multiple cells a large geographic area can be covered Frequency is reused to maximize the use of allotted spectrum in such a way that interference is minimized
Categorization of Cells
Depending upon cell size, the cell is given a specific name:
Large cell: 10 - 35 KM
In rural areas, coverage is key
Small Cell: 1 - 3 KM
In urban areas, capacity is key
Micro Cell: 100 - 300 M
Pico Cell: 10 - 30 M
Consequences of removing wire -Mobility

Location Management
Handover When a mobile moves into a different cell while a conversation is in progress, the call is transferred to new cell
Roaming
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Handover
BTS BTS BSC MSC/VLR BSC BTS
MSC/VLR BSC
BTS
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Type Of HandOver (HO)

Soft Handover :- Make-before-break type Connection is established first. After that channel is released Hard Handover :- Break-before-make type Connection with old cell is broken before establishing new connection old
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Type Of Handover
Intra Cell Handover :- Handover from one channel/timeslot to another within same cell
Inter Cell Handover :- Handover from one cell to another cell

Inter BSC Handover :-Handover when both the source and destination cells are controlled by different BSC Inter MSC Handover :- Handover when both the source and destination cells are controlled by different MSC
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Roaming
Network A
Network B
When subscriber of network A moves to another geographical area and receives services from another network B
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Wireless Networks Started with First Generation Networks ( Early1980s ) No or minimum standardization. Analog Deployed and used within regional boundaries Evolved to Second Generation Networks Standards defined. Digital Roaming across network boundaries possible. GSM: one of the most prevalent standard for 2G mobile networks
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Issues in wireless networks

Multipath propagation Path loss Radio Signal Interference Network Security
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Advantages
Wireless Network Advantages:
Provides Mobility Easy installation. No cabling required.
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GSM Radio interface

GSM radio interface is mix of FDMA and TDMA FDMA divides the frequency spectrum into small slices Carrier Separation is 200 kHz TDMA divides each channel into 8 timeslots such that each carrier is shared by 8 users The basic radio resource is a time slot with a duration of 577 s
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Various GSM based Systems Bands

P-GSM ( Primary GSM )
up-link 890-915MHz 200KHz Carrier down-link 935-960MHz
E-GSM ( Extended GSM )

up-link 880-915MHz 200KHz Carrier down-link 925-960MHz
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Services provided by GSM:User perspective

Speech Services Data services SMS
PTP Cell Broadcast
Supplementary services
Call barring ,call forwarding etc
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GSM Network Architecture - Nodes

MS HLR BTS BSC AuC
MS BTS
VLR
GMSC
EIR MSC BSC PSTN
BTS
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GSM Network Components
Mobile Station
SIM Mobile Equipment
Access Network
Base Transceiver Station (BTS) BSC (Base Station Controller)
Core Network
Home Location Register (HLR) Authentication Center (AuC) Equipment Identity Register (EIR) Short Message Service Center (SM-SC) Mobile Switching Center (MSC)/Visitor Location Register (VLR) Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC)
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Mobile Station
Comprises of two separate units, viz. SIM and ME. The Structure provides terminal mobility. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM): Belongs to the operator (e.g. Bharti, Hutch).
Contains the permanent data of subscriber (e.g. IMSI).
Mobile Equipment is developed by equipment manufacturers (e.g. Nokia, Alcatel).

Contains Mobile Termination and User Interface functions. Communicates with SIM
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Access Network: Overview

All the radio-related functions activities have been separated from the MSC and concentrated in the BSS. The BSS consists of two components
Base Transceiver Station Base Station Controller
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Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

It takes care of air interface signaling speech processing ciphering It consists of radio transmitter & receiver, antennas and signal processing specific to radio interface
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Base Station Controller (BSC)

Controls the radio network Main responsibilities are Controls all BTS under its purview. Connection establishment between MS and NSS Handover Management
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Core Network: Overview

Core Network provides core functionality including:
Mobility management, Call handling, Subscriber data management Authentication, etc.
Includes
Home Location Register (HLR) Authentication Center (AuC) Equipment Identity Register (EIR) Short Message Service Center (SMSC) Mobile Switching Center (MSC)/Visitor Location Register (VLR) Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC)
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Home Location Register: Overview

HLR is the master database for a subscriber (i.e. it holds the subscription data).
Each subscriber is assigned to only one HLR.

HLR maintains and provides subscriber data to other network entities on demand (i.e. pulled by network entities).
E.g. During Location Update

In certain cases, the subscriber data is sent to the network entities (e.g. when the data is modified by operator, the HLR pushes the data to network entities).
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Authentication Center (AuC)

AuC holds authentication information.
This information is used for authentication and other security functions.
At the center of all AuC functions is a secret key that is shared between the AuC and the SIM of the UE.
This secret key facilitates roaming of a subscriber because even in a visited network, the MSC/VLR can authenticate the user by obtaining security information from AuC.
The AuC itself does not take part in the authentication.

This function is performed by the MSC/VLR. Role of the AuC is to provide MSC/VLR with the necessary information that can be used by MSC/VLR for authentication.
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Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

EIR monitor the legitimacy of a User Equipment (UE) used in the UMTS network, EIR holds the list of IMEI used in the GSM network.
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Short Message Service Center

SMSC is responsible for relaying store-and-forwarding of short messages between an MS and a Short Message Entity
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Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
MSC performs all functions necessary to handle the circuit switched services to and from the MS. It is customary to represent VLR and MSC as MSC/VLR.
They are generally integrated.
Like HLR, Visitor Location Register (VLR) is a repository of information.

VLR tracks the location of the MS
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Gateway Mobile Switching Center

Similar to MSC Switches voice cells. Provides external interface with PSTN and other mobile networks.
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Hierarchical Organization of GSM N/w (1)

PLMN
LA1 LA2
LA3
LA4
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Hierarchical Organization of GSM N/w(2)

Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN): It is at the highest level of the hierarchy. PLMN ID = MCC+MNC Location Area (LA): LA is defined as an area in which an MS may move freely without updating its current location at the VLR. Group of cells are given a single Location Area ID (LAI) LAI = PLMN ID + LAC
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Hierarchical Organization of GSM N/w (3)

Cells: At the lowest level of hierarchy is the cell. Each cell is identified by the Cell Identity (CI). A CI is unique within a location area. To identify a cell uniquely across PLMNs, an identity called the Cell Global Identity (CGI) is defined. CGI is obtained by the concatenation of LAI and the CI.
CGI = LAI+CI
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Addresses and Identifiers
Identity IMSI MSISDN TMSI MSRN IMEI
Description Permanent identity that uniquely identifies a subscriber. Service identity that is used for communication with a subscriber. Temporary identity that is used to hide the permanent identity IMSI of a subscriber. Temporary identity that is allocated by VLR and is used to route calls directed to a MS. Permanent identity that uniquely identifies an MS.
Composition MCC + MNC + MSIN CC + NDC+ SN 4 octets (chosen by operator) CC + NDC+ SN TAC + SNR
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GSM Procedures
Key Procedures in GSM Location Update & Mobile Registration Mobile Originated Call Paging Mobile Terminated Call
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Mobile Registration in the network
MS
BTS
BSC
(G)MSC VLR HLR
Action
Channel Request Channel Assignment
Location Update Request

Authentication Request Authentication Response Comparison of Authentication params Accept LUP and alloc TMSI Ack of LUP and TMSI Entry of new area and identity into VLR and HLR Channel Release
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Location Registration
HLR
PreviousVLR
MSC/VLR
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Location Registration (2)
HLR
4. Update Location req
5. Subscriber Data req <1..N>

2. Request IMSI 3. IMSI
1. LU request <TMSI, LAI>
PreviousVLR
MSC/VLR
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Location Registration (3)
HLR
9. Cancel Location
7. Update Location ack
6. Subscriber Data ack <1..N>
8. LU Ack <New TMSI> (Store TMSI)
PreviousVLR
MSC/VLR
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Mobile Termination for Roaming
HLR
3. Provide Roaming Identification (PRI) req <IMSI> 4. PRI Ack <MSRN>
2. Send Routing Information req <MSISDN>
1. Initial Address Message (IAM) <MSISDN>
Gateway MSC
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VMSC
Mobile Terminations and Paging
HLR
7. Paging <TMSI>
8. Paging Resp. <Cell ID> 9. SETUP
5. Send Routing Information ack <MSRN>
Gateway MSC
6. Initial Address Message <MSRN>
VMSC
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Mobile Originated Call

MS
BTS BSC VLR
HLR
MS BTS Authentication response (SDCCH) Call Exchange release of Call Connected Setup Communication Assignment Alerting Connected of TCH (TCH) Call release Assignment Alerting Connected Exchange of of communication TCH Req establishment Alloc Call Authentication Ciphering for of dedicated dedicated command response request response channel channel request BSC (TCH) for communication (RACH) (AGCH) (SDCCH)
AuC GMSC
EIR MSC Call release Alerting Connected Exchange Setupof Communication PSTN
BTS
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Mobile Terminated Call

MS Paging
BTS Paging BSC VLR Query for VLR info
HLR
MS BTS Paging the area
AuC Reply
Query VLR for LAC and TMSI Route to MSC MSC
GMSC
EIR
BSC
PSTN
BTS
Land to Mobile call
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References
The GSM system for mobile communications - Mouly, M., Pautet, M. GSM System Engineering - Asha Mehrotra ETSI GSM Technical Specifications www.etsi.org GSM presentation by Ashok Kumar GSM presentation by Sumit/Nishit
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Acknowledgements
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Disclaimer
Aricent makes no representations or warranties with respect to contents of these slides and the same are being provided as is. The content/materials in the slides are of a general nature and are not intended to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual or entity. The material may provide links to internet sites (for the convenience of users) over which Aricent has no control and for which Aricent assumes no responsibility for the availability or content of these external sites. While the attempt has been to acknowledge sources of materials wherever traceable to an individual or an institution; any materials not specifically acknowledged is purely unintentional
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Basic GSM

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Basic GSM

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GSM

Access without wire

How does user access network in absence of wire ?

Radio Access Schemes

Frequency Single User Time Slice

Radio Access Schemes

Frequency Single User Frequency Slice

Radio Access Schemes

Single User Bandwidth

Concept of Cell/Frequency reuse

Micro Cell: 100 - 300 M

Consequences of removing wire -Mobility

Type Of HandOver (HO)

Inter Cell Handover :- Handover from one cell to another cell

Issues in wireless networks

GSM Radio interface

Various GSM based Systems Bands

E-GSM ( Extended GSM )

Services provided by GSM:User perspective

GSM Network Architecture - Nodes

EIR MSC BSC PSTN

GSM Network Components

Mobile Equipment is developed by equipment manufacturers (e.g. Nokia, Alcatel).

Access Network: Overview

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Base Station Controller (BSC)

Core Network: Overview

Home Location Register: Overview

Each subscriber is assigned to only one HLR.

E.g. During Location Update

Authentication Center (AuC)

The AuC itself does not take part in the authentication.

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

Short Message Service Center

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Like HLR, Visitor Location Register (VLR) is a repository of information.

Gateway Mobile Switching Center

Hierarchical Organization of GSM N/w (1)

Hierarchical Organization of GSM N/w(2)

Hierarchical Organization of GSM N/w (3)

Addresses and Identifiers

Identity IMSI MSISDN TMSI MSRN IMEI

Mobile Registration in the network

(G)MSC VLR HLR

Channel Request Channel Assignment

Location Update Request

Location Registration (2)

4. Update Location req

5. Subscriber Data req <1..N>

1. LU request <TMSI, LAI>

Location Registration (3)

7. Update Location ack

6. Subscriber Data ack <1..N>

8. LU Ack <New TMSI> (Store TMSI)

Mobile Termination for Roaming

3. Provide Roaming Identification (PRI) req <IMSI> 4. PRI Ack <MSRN>

2. Send Routing Information req <MSISDN>

1. Initial Address Message (IAM) <MSISDN>

Mobile Terminations and Paging

5. Send Routing Information ack <MSRN>

6. Initial Address Message <MSRN>

Mobile Originated Call

BTS BSC VLR

Mobile Terminated Call