ATM LAN Emulation

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ATM LAN Emulation

An Implementation Agreement Defined by the ATM Forum to Interconnect Legacy LANs with ATM Networks for Data Transport Service.

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Interconnection Approaches
Backbone Approach (Encapsulation Bridge) Router Approach (IP over ATM)

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Backbone Approach

Using bridge to translate frames between ATM and Legacy LAN, keep servers on legacy LANs, no application modifications. IETF RFC 1483 or Proprietary Encapsulations. Problems to be solved
Can not utilize ATM high bandwidth for the servers Address resolution (Using PVCs) Broadcast and multicast (Using fully connected point-to-multipoint VCCs)

LAN

Bridge

ATM Network

Bridge

LAN Server

Server
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Router Approach

Using Router to translate packets between ATM and Legacy LAN

Classical IP Model -- IETF RFC 1483 and RFC 1577 Multiprotocol Over ATM - ATM Forum

Problems to be solved
Applications do not have network layer (NetBios)

Many applications on ATM servers need modification (applications expect MAC layer

underneath) Address resolution (IP to ATM ARP Server) Broadcast and multicast

Client
Router

ATM Network ATM Server ATM Server (e.g., VoD server)

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LAN Client

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What is ATM LAN Emulation ?

Based on ATM Forum UNI specification 3.0. Using AAL 5. A service to interconnect existing "legacy" LANs with ATM. A service to allow all existing LAN applications to run over ATM. A service without any change on legacy LANs and end stations. A service needs LAN emulation to be run on an end system directly connected to the ATM network
ATM bridges and ATM end systems

A service to resolve connection-oriented networks to connectionless networks. Problems to be solved:

Address Resolution

Broadcast and Multicast

A service to support multiple logical LANs within a physical ATM network Using Available Bit Rate (ABR) service Using PVC, SVC, or combination

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Why ATM LAN Emulation ?

Run all existing LAN applications over ATM without modification, including hardware and software. Provide bridging function between LANs and ATM network. Utilize ATM high bandwidth and multiple direct virtual connections. Speed up ATM deployment.

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Non-Goal for LAN Emulation

Solve existing Ethernet/Token/FDDI bridging problems. Allow a station to receive all frames on a logical LAN. Support existing MAC-layer protocols

SMT (Station Management protocol) Token Ring (TR) management TR token TR Beacon

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LAN Emulation Service -Backbone for Legacy LANs

Server

LAN

Bridge

ATM Network

Bridge

LAN

LAN Emulation

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LAN Emulation Service -Client Server Computing

ATM workstation

LAN Emulation

ATM Network

Bridge

LAN

Client

ATM Server

LAN Emulation

Client
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LAN Emulation Service -Multiple Logical (Virtual) LANs

Client ATM Server ATM Server Logical LAN
3

LAN

Bridge 1

ATM Network

Bridge

LAN

Client

Logical LAN

Client

Client ATM Server

ATM workstations Logical LAN
2
ATM LAN Emulation 11

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Why ATM LAN Emulation ?

Major differences between ATM and Legacy LANs

Connection vs. connectionless ATM does not have MAC layer Addressing

ATM Applications
Convergence Sublayer (CS)

AAL

SAR ATM Layer

Transmission Convergence Sublayer

Broadcast and multicast

Physical

PMD
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LAN Emulation Protocol Stack (A Bridging Protocol)

Ethernet/Token Ring/FDDI Legacy LAN Host Existing Applications (e.g.,NetBios)
NDIS/ODI Driver I/F

ATM Host ATM Switch Existing Applications (e.g.,NetBios)

NDIS/ODI Driver IF

ATM-LAN Bridge
Bridging

MAC Layer

MAC

LAN Emulation

Emulate Ethernet/ Token Ring/FDDI MAC

LAN Emulation AAL 5

AAL 5 ATM PHY

ATM PHY PHY

ATM Layer Physical Layer

Physical Layer

PHY

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Emulated LAN Types and Formats

An Emulated LAN provides the functionality of a single LAN segment: 802.3 or 802.5, but not both. Not emulate all the details of the emulated LAN. e.g., Ethernet collision, token, and beacon frames. Using the same frame format for RFC 1483 VC-multiplexing/bridging format. Client-ID is used for echo suppression. No FCS for emulated MAC frames.
LAN Emulation Header

Client-ID (2 octets)

LAN Emulation Header

Client-ID (2 octets)

802.3 Ethernet frame Destination MAC Source MAC Type/Length Data No FCS

802.5 frame Frame Control Destination MAC Source MAC Type/Length Data No FCS
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LAN Emulation Components

LAN Emulation Client (LEC)

Provide a MAC level emulated 802.3 or 802.5 service interface Each client has a LAN MAC address and an ATM MAC address

LAN Emulation Server (LES)

Provide clients registration
Resolving MAC addresses to ATM addresses Each emulated LAN has one LES

Broadcast and Unknown Server (BUS)

Send the broadcast MAC frames Send all multicast MAC frames Send unicast frames (before data direct VCC is established) Each emulated LAN has at least one BUS

LE Configuration Server (LECS)

Directing LECs to the corresponding LES Optional
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LAN Emulation Functions

Initialization:
Client gets Server's address from a well known ATM address.

Registration:
Client sends a list of its MAC addresses to Server.

Address Resolution:
Client sends ARP request to Server.
Server, Clients, or Bridges answer the ARP. Client setups a direct connection to the destination address.

Data forwarding:
Multicast and Broadcast traffic are forwarded to all members.

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LAN Emulation Architecture

LAN Emulation Clients
ATM Server

LAN Emulation Service

Initialization Registration Address Resolution Data Forwarding

ATM workstation
Bridge

ATM Network
LAN Emulation UNI (LUNI)
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LAN

LAN Emulation Architecture

LAN Emulation Clients
ATM Server

LAN Emulation Servers

LECS LES # 2 LES # 1
LNNI

LAN

Bridge

ATM Network

Initialization Registration Address Resolution

Initialization Registration Address Resolution

BUS
LUNI
Data Forwarding

Client

ATM workstation

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Connection Types in LAN Emulation

Control Connections (LE-ARP & control frames)

Control direct VCC (Bidirectional Point-to-point VCC between

LEC and LES). Control distribute VCC (Unidirectional Point-to-Multipoint VCC from LES to LECs, optional)

Data Connections (LECs-LECs and LECs-BUS)

Data direct VCC (Bidirectional Point-to-point VCC between

LECs). Multicast send VCC (Unidirectional Point-to-point VCC from LEC to BUS) Multicast forward VCC (Unidirectional Point-to-Multipoint VCC from BUS to LEC)

Configuration direct VCC

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Address Resolution Frames

IP_ARP frames (RFC 826, November 1982)

IP --> 48-bit MAC address

LE_ARP frames (ATM-Forum/LAN Emulation over ATM Spec.)

48-bit MAC address --> 20-byte ATM address

ATM_ARP frames (RFC 1577, January 1994)

IP --> 20-byte ATM address

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ARP Frame Format (IP_ARP)

Name
ar$hrd ar$pro ar$hwlen ar$prlen ar$op ar$sha ar$spa ar$tha ar$tpa

Len
2 2 1 1 2 6 4 6 4

Meaning
hardware type protocol type using ATMARP (IP is 0x0800) hardware address length protocol address length (IP is 4) operation code. ARP-req = 1, ARP-reply = 2, InARP-req = 8, InARP-reply = 9, ARP-nak = 10 sender hardware address sender protocol address (IP) target hardware address target protocol address (IP)

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ARP Frame Format (LE_ARP)

Name
cntl_marker cntl_pro cntl_ver ar_opcode cntl_sts cntl_tranid cntl_reqlecid ar_flags ar_smac ar_tmac ar_satm reserved ar_tatm reserved

Len
2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 20 4 20 32

Meaning
control frame = 0xFF00 ATM LAN Emulation protocol = 0x01 ATM LAN Emulation protocol version = 0x01 type of request 0x0000 in request; In response: 0-10 transaction ID lecid of le client (0x00 if unknown) indication of local or remote source MAC address target unicast MAC address ATM address of originator of le-arp request always 0x00 target ATM address always 0x00

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ARP Frame Format (ATM_ARP)

Name Len
ar$hrd ar$pro ar$shtl ar$sstl ar$op ar$spln ar$thtl ar$tstl ar$tpln ar$sha ar$ssa ar$spa ar$tha ar$tsa ar$tpa 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 q r s x y z

Meaning
hardware type (0x0013) protocol using ATMARP (IP is 0x0800) type and length of source ATM number (q) type and length of source ATM subaddress (r) operation code. ARP-req = 1, ARP-reply = 2, InARP-req = 8, InARP-reply = 9, ARP-nak = 10 length of source protocol address (s) (IP is 4) type and length of target ATM number (x) type and length of target ATM subaddress (y) length of target protocol address (z) (IP is 4) source ATM number (E.164 or NSAP) source ATM subaddress (NSAP) source protocol address target ATM number (E.164 or NSAP) target ATM subaddress (NSAP) target protocol address

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Initialization
LECS Connect Phase Configuration Phase Join Phase Initial Registration Phase BUS Connect Phase

LAN Emulation Service

Initialization Registration Address Resolution Data Forwarding

ATM Emulation Clients LAN Emulation UNI (LUNI)

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Connect, Configuration and Join Phase

Get LECS ATM address via ILMI; using well-known address to LECS; or using well known permanent connection (VPI/VCI = 0/17) Get LES address, LAN type, Max Frame size from LECS via Configuration direct SVC or PVC (VPI/VCI) = 0/17. Every LAN Emulation client must be configured with an ATM address and a MAC address to itself. LE Clients set up Control direct VCCs to LAN Emulation Server. Join an emulated LAN and obtain LAN Emulation client-ID (LEC-ID) Frame size A token ring number if 802.5 source routing is used The LES sets up a Control distribute VCC to all proxy LECs.

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Configuration and Join Phases

LECs
ATM Server
MACa addr ATMa addr Join LEC-ID Join LEC-ID Control Direct VCC Config. Direct VCC Get LES Addr

LECS

LES

LEC-ID

LAN Type Max Frame size Ring # if 802.5 is used

ATM workstation LAN Proxy LEC Proxy LEC

Join

BUS
Control Distribute VCC

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Initial Registration and BUS Connect

Clients register 1st pair of ATM address and MAC address to LES. Clients send LE_ARP via control direct VCC to LES to obtain the ATM address of the BUS. Clients set up a Multicast send VCC to the Broadcast and Unknown Server (BUS). The BUS sets up a point-to-multipoint Multicast forward VCC to all the LE Clients.

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Initial Registration and BUS Connect

LECs
ATM Server
MACa ATMa MACm Join-initial registration MACa ATMa MACb ATMb MACc ATMc Proxy LEC

LES

Control Direct VCCs

MACb ATMb MACm

Multicast Send VCC

ATM workstation LAN Proxy LEC

MACc ATMc Multicast Forward VCC

BUS

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Registration

Clients register their additional ATM addresses and MAC addresses to LES. Bridges may or may not need to register all "legacy" LAN MAC addresses behind them. If it joins the LANE with Proxy flag set, they may not register all the MACs behind them. A Control Distributed VCC is established to them to get LE_ARP_REQUEST.

LAN Emulation Service

Initialization Registration Address Resolution Data Forwarding

ATM Emulation Clients LAN Emulation UNI (LUNI)

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Registration
LECs
ATM Server
MACa ATMa MACm MACa ATMa MACb ATMb MACc ATMc Proxy LEC

Registration
Control Direct VCCs

LES

MACb ATMb MACm

Multicast Send VCC

ATM workstation LAN

Proxy LEC
MACc ATMc
Multicast Forward VCC

BUS

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Address Resolution

Resolve the ATM address corresponding to a given destination MAC address. Client generates an ARP request and send to LES via Control Direct VCC. BUS forwards unicast frames to all clients before the Data Direct VCC is established. Proxy LECs response ARP requests for known MAC addresses on their segments. After ARP response is received, a Data Direct VCC is established between source and destination clients.

LAN Emulation Service

Initialization Registration Address Resolution Data Forwarding

ATM Emulation Clients

LAN Emulation UNI (LUNI)

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Address Resolution
LECs
ATM Server
MACa ATMa MACm Data Direct VCC (3)

(ATM Station to ATM Station)

MACa ATMa MACb ATMb MACc ATMc Proxy LEC

ARP_request (1) ARP_response (2)

Control Direct VCCs

LES

Data (1a)

MACb ATMb MACm

ATM workstation
Data (2a)

Multicast Send VCC

LAN Proxy LANs

Proxy LEC
MACc ATMc Multicast Forward VCC

BUS

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Address Resolution
LECs
ATM Server
MACa ATMa

(ATM to Legacy LAN and Legacy LAN to Legacy LAN)

Control Direct VCCs

ARP_request (1) ARP_response (4)

LES
ARP_response (3) ARP_request (2)

MACa ATMa MACb ATMb MACc ATMc Proxy LEC

Frames to MACx
Data Direct VCC (5)

Data (1a)

Control Distribute VCC MACb ATMb

ATM workstation

Multicast Send VCC

LAN Proxy LANs

MACx

Proxy LEC

Data (2a)
Multicast Forward VCC

BUS

Proxy LEC

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Data Forwarding

Send unicast frames to the BUS and broadcast to all the clients before the Data direct VCC is established. (Intelligent BUS?) Send multicast (broadcast) frames to the BUS and broadcast to all the clients via the Multicast forward VCC.
MAC packets must be prefixed with LECID

The LANE clients filter out frames not destined to them. Use direct VCC for unicast when it is established. Frame ordering problem when switch from the Multicast forward VCC to a Data direct VCC.

LAN Emulation Service

Initialization Registration Address Resolution Data Forwarding

ATM Emulation Clients

LAN Emulation UNI (LUNI)

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Broadcast & Multicast Frames

LECs
ATM Server
MACa ATMa MACm Control Direct VCCs MACa ATMa MACb ATMb MACc ATMc Proxy LEC

LES
Multicast Send VCC

Frame to MACm

MACb ATMb MACm

Data (1)

ATM workstation LAN Proxy LANs Proxy LEC

MACc ATMc MACm

Data (2)
Multicast Forward VCC

BUS

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Frame Ordering
MACa ATMa MACb ATMb MACc ATMc Proxy LEC

LECs
ATM Server
MACa ATMa Frames to MACb

Control Direct VCCs

flush(4) flush(3) Data (1a) Data (2a) flush(2)

LES

flush(1)

Data Direct VCC (3)

Data (3)
MACb ATMb ATM workstation

BUS

Multicast Forward VCC

Two

paths from MACa to MACb Frames can be delivered out of order Send flush message over old data path When the flush acknowledgement ie received from the receiver (via the Control Direct VCC), switch to the new path
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Data Clipping
Calling Party 1st Switch Last Switch Called Party

Call Request
Connect Connect ACK Initialize VCC & SAR Ready Ind.

Initialize VCC & SAR (Start timer) Sending data will be lost Safe to send data Ready Query (timeout)

Ready Ind.
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IP Applications over ATM Emulation Network

-- ES (End System) X wants to send frames to ES Y. -- ES X only knows IPy.

(1) ES X sends out an IP ARP request, looking for IPy's MAC addr. (2) ES X sends IP ARP to the broadcast server. (3) the broadcast server forwards the frames to the Bridge. (4) The Bridge broadcast the frames to all ESs connected to it. (5) ES Y sends back an IP ARP response to IPx/MACx with its MACy. (6) Bridge sends LE_ARP to LES to find MACx's ATM addr. (7) LES responses with ATMx (in LE_ARP response) (8) Bridge sets up a direct VCC to ES X.

(8a) The IP ARP response from ES Y is sent to ES X via broadcast server. (9) ES X records MACy. (10) ES X begins to use IPy and MACy to send data. (11) LES sends LE _ARP response with MACy's ATM addr. (12) Bridge responses with its ATM addr (LE_ ARP response). (13) ES X knew it has a direct VCC to Bridge and uses it to send data.

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IP Applications over ATM Emulation Network

-- ES (End System) X wants to send frames to ES Y. -- ES X only knows IPy.

LES
11

IPy MACy 6 11 7 12 5 4

IPx MACx ATMx

10

12

8
8a

13 3 8a

Bridge
ATMb

LAN
4

ATM workstation

BUS

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LAN Emulation vs. ATM API

In order to use the power of ATM, new applications should use ATM Forum SAA ATM API to interface directly with ATM layers. A logical "subnet" is either an Emulated LAN or an ATM API subnet. Logical subnets are interconnected via brouters. ATM adapter card needs to support the relevant type of logical subnet. New Applications ATM API Existing Applications (e.g.,NetBios)
NDIS/ODI Driver IF

LAN Emulation AAL1,2,3/4, 5 AAL 5 ATM Layer Physical Layer

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ATM Layer
Physical Layer

LAN Emulation Summary

LAN Emulation allows all existing legacy LAN applications run over ATM. LAN Emulation can carry IP applications but IETF IP over ATM may not be able to carry all different LAN applications. LAN Emulation is first major ATM application and its success is very crucial for ATM's success. To exploit the power of ATM, new applications should use ATM API rather than LAN Emulation. Broadcast storm of LAN Emulation on ATM WAN is a potential problem. LAN Emulation may overlay with multiprotocol routing over ATM.

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