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Chapter 4
For every benefit you receive a tax is levied. Ralph Waldo Emerson Taxes are the sinews of the state. Cicero
Learning Objectives
Current financial resources and the MA basis
Chapter 4 Granof & Khumawala - 6e
Governmental Funds
Measurement Focus: flow of current financial resources (focus is on expendable financial resources)
o Revenues must be available to pay liabilities of current period
before they can be recognized. o Current financial resources include cash, receivables, marketable securities, prepaid items, and supplies inventories o Capital assets such as land, buildings, and equipment are NOT accounted for in governmental funds, but rather in governmental activities
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Revenue Recognition
GAAP for revenue recognition is GASB Stmt. No. 33 Under modified accrual basis, revenue cannot be recognized until they are both measurable and available to finance expenditures of fiscal period.
Collection of cash must be reasonably assured before revenues can be recognized. Available: 60 day rule has become the benchmark. But some governments have also established 30, 90 days or 1 year time periods.
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S O U R C E
Taxes (Ad-valorem and self-assessing) o Special Assessments Licenses and Permits Charges for Services Fines and Forfeits Grants Intergovernmental Revenue o On-Behalf Payments Donations Miscellaneous Revenues o Sale of Capital Assets o Investments
S O U R C E FUND
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1) Non-exchange Transactions
External events in which a government gives/receives value without directly receiving/giving equal value in exchange Revenue recognition depends on time requirements - the period in which the resources are required (or may be) used Some non-exchange transactions may be delayed until program eligibility requirements are met. Purpose restrictions reported as restricted net assets or reserved fund balance
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Standards for the last 2 transactions apply to both revenues and expenditures.
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Recognition Standards: These should be recognized as revenue when the underlying exchange transaction takes place. Example: Sales taxes should be recognized in the period of the underlying sale.
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Property Taxes
Viewed as a residual source of revenues in an amount equal to the total revenue needs, less the sum of the beginning of year fund balance and revenues expected to be realized from all other sources The gross tax levy is calculated as the amount of revenue required from property taxes divided by the estimated collectible portion of the levy (e.g., .96)
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Assume Revenues of $990,000 are required and it is estimated that 1% will be uncollectible: Levy = $990,000/.99 = $1,000,000. (ignore subsidiary ledger entry) GF General Journal
Taxes Receivable-Current Est. Uncollectible Current Taxes Revenues
Dr.
$1,000,000
Cr.
10,000 990,000
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Recognition Standards
Government Mandated Transactions
Example: Mandatory drug and alcohol abuse prevention program for the schools (The DARE program in public schools). If the grant is a reimbursement grant, then recognize when qualifying expenditures have been made by the recipient organization.
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Revenue from these transactions should be recognized when all eligibility requirements, including time requirements, have been met.
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Recognition Standards
Voluntary Non-exchange Transactions
Revenue from these transactions should be recognized when all eligibility requirements between two willing parties, including time requirements, have been met. Example: State reimbursement to schools for portion of special education costs incurred.
Reimbursement grant when qualifying expenditures have been made.
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Intergovernmental Revenue
May be either government-mandated non-exchange transaction or voluntary non-exchange transaction Intergovernmental Revenue Include:
Pass-through grants On-behalf payments Restricted grant Unrestricted grant Contingent grant Entitlements Shared Revenues Payment in lieu of taxes
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Often the amount is known before the actual receipt of cash and thus may be accrued under the modified accrual basis. Example of journal entries can be found on pgs 151-153.
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If government acts as a cash conduit-i.e., merely transmits money without having any administrative involvement-then these grants are reported in agency funds.
o Example: State govt. receives the grant from the Fed. govt. to support special education programs. o Example: Food stamps.
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GASB stated that as a general rule cash pass-through grants should be recognized as (intergovernmental) revenue and expenditures/expenses in governmental, proprietary or trust funds of the primary government and in the governmentwide financial stmts.
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On-Behalf Payments
One government makes payment for employment fringe benefits on behalf of another.
You can also refer to the complete example and journal entries on pg. 157.
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2) Exchange Transactions
Transactions in which each party receives value essentially equal to the value given e.g. one party sells goods or services and the other buys
Recognize the revenue when it is earned, and the expense/expenditure when it is incurred.
Exchange-like transactions are those in which the values exchanged may be related but not quite equal.
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Characteristics of licenses:
o Exchange transactions: License fees which cover the cost of services provided. o Non-exchange transactions: License fees that bear little relation to the cost of services provided and imposed mainly as a source of general revenues. o License fees are generally non-refundable. o Includes items such as vehicle licenses, business licenses, liquor licenses, marriage licenses, animal licenses, building permits, zoning variances, etc.
Fees for licenses and permits, passenger facility charges, certain tap fees and certain developer contributions should be considered exchange rather than nonexchange transactions, even though the party making the payment may receive less in value than it surrendered.
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Miscellaneous Revenues
Revenues that do not fall into one of the other categories. Examples: o Proceeds from the sale of government assets o Investment income In general accrue if the amount is known prior to the receipt of cash; but usually accounted for when collected in cash.
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But for non-profits, FASB required that all debt and equity securities be stated at fair value. Gains and losses on investments both realized and unrealized must be recognized and reported in the statement of activities.
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Summary
Primary objectives of financial reporting:
o Interperiod equity and budgetary compliance.
GASB Std. #33 provides guidance for revenue recognition and is applicable to statements prepared on either the full accrual or the modified accrual basis. GASB Std. # 33 sets forth revenue recognition guidelines for: o Imposed nonexchange transactions, ex. property taxes o Derived exchange transactions, ex. sales taxes o Government-mandated nonexchange transactions o Voluntary nonexchange transactions o Grants o Other exchange transactions, ex. sale of capital assets o Investments etc.
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