Research Repot on A123 Battery Modeling

Task 4 Members: Faculty: Dr. Mo-Yuen Chow, Dr. Srdjan Lukic Research Assistants: Lei Wang, Arvind Govindaraj

Presentation Outline
Research Objectives Battery Properties Battery Model Future Research

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Research Objectives
Battery Modeling Develop Charging Algorithms

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Presentation Outline
Research Objectives Overview of battery properties Battery Model Future Research

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PHEV Battery Operation Modes

Charge-depleting mode: vehicle uses battery power until SOC reaches a predetermined level Charge-sustaining mode: uses both battery and engine power Blended mode: charge-depleting mode with engine power to reach high speed
Ex. 90% of time discharging, 10% charging Ex. 30% discharging, 70% charging

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A123 Lithium Ion ANR26650M1

25C, C/30

< 20A tested

SoH

ANR26650M1 Datasheet AUGUST 2008 Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management Systems Center

A123 Lithium Ion ANR26650M1

Not available
Operating range: -30c to 60c Performance under different temperatures was not tested Discharge curve shape changes at extreme temperatures, thus may not be described by model equations

Maximum discharge: 70A Model may fail at high discharge current due to irregular shape of the discharge curve

First Step: Have a model that satisfies the nominal condition

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Quantify Battery
State of Charge (SoC): 100% > SoC > 0% SoC = (remaining capacity) / (capacity of fully charged battery) SoC = (remaining capacity) / (Total amount of usable charge at a given C-rate) SoC = (Cn Qb) / Cn
Cn: nominal capacity Qb: net discharge

Remaining Capacity Usable Capacity Usable capacity depends on the cutoff voltage Usable capacity depends on the age of the battery Capacity of fully charged battery Total amount of usable charge at a given C-rate Cn (C/30)
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Usable Capacity
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3.6

3.8

Discharge Rate = 1A 7738s x 1A / 3600s = 2.149Ah

Voltage (v)

3.4

3.2

3.6
3

3.4

Voltage (v)

2.8

Discharge Rate = 5A 1537s x 5A / 3600s = 2.136Ah

T=1537s
0 200 400 600 800 Time (s) 1000 1200 1400 1600

3.2

2.6

2.4

T=7738s
2.8 2.6 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Time (s) 5000 6000 7000 8000

2.2

1.8

3.6

3.4

3.2

Discharge Rate = 10A 1389s x 10A / 3600s = 2.1215Ah

Voltage (v)

2.8

Discharge Rate = 20A 683s x 20A / 3600s = 2.098Ah

2.6

Voltage (v)

2.8

2.4

2.6

2.4

2.2

T=683s
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2.2

T=1389s
0 100 200 300 400 Time (s) 500 600 700 800

1.8

1.8

50

100

150

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200 Time (s)

250

300

350

400

Usable Capacity vs Discharge rate

2.31

Rated Capacity at 2.3Ah (using C/30 discharging rate)

2.26

2.21

2.16

2.11

2.06 0 5 10 15 20 25

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Quantify State of Health (SoH)

Full Discharge Test (SOH)
SoH = (measured capacity) /(rated capacity) 1 > SoH > 0 A battery is at its end of lifetime at SoH of 0.8 . (Energy Institute Battery Research Group)

Increase in internal resistance resulting active power loss Increase in self discharge Counting charge/discharge cycles Voltage drop during initial discharge Two-Pulse Load Test

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State of Function (SoF)

Capability of the battery to perform a specific duty which is relevant for the functionality of a system powered by the battery.
For example: Use 20A to discharge a battery
after 683s battery reaches the cutoff voltage 2v Battery still has the capacity left to be discharged by 10A

SoF is a function of the batterys SoC, SoH and operating temperature.

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Presentation Outline
Research Objectives Battery Properties Battery Model Model results and analysis Future Research

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Discharging Results
3.8 1 2 3 3.6
3.6 1 2 3 4 3.4

1A

4 5

5A

3.4
3.2

3.2
3

3
2.8

2.8

2.6

2.6

2.4

2.4

2.2

2.2

1.8 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

1.8 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

3.6 1 2 3 4 3.4 5

3.2 1 2 3 4 5 3

3.2

10A

20A
2.8 2.6

2.8

2.6

2.4

2.4

2.2

2.2

2
2

1.8 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

1.8 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

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Discharging Results - Average

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3.6 3.4

3.8

3.2

3.6
3

3.4

Voltage (v)

Voltage (v)

2.8

3.2

2.6

2.4

3
2.2

2.8
2

2.6

1.8

1000

2000

3000

4000 Time (s)

5000

6000

7000

8000

200

400

600

800 Time (s)

1000

1200

1400

1600

3.6

3.4 2.8 3.2

2.6

Voltage (v)

Voltage (v)

2.8

2.4

2.6

2.4

2.2

2.2 2 2

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1.8 0 100 200 300

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400 Time (s)

500

600

700

800

1.8

50

100

150

200 Time (s)

250

300

350

400

Temperature vs Time
Temperature vs. Time
45 40 35 30
Temperatur

1A 5A 10A 20A

25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20
Time (s)

25

30

35

40

45

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Battery Model
Zk: State of Charge i: Cell Coulombic efficiency (Eta = 1 for discharge) Cn: Cell nominal capacity t: sampling period Yk: Cell Terminal Voltage
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ik

1/(2.3*3600 )
zk+1

Shepherd model: yk = E0 Rik Ki/zk Unnewehr universal model: yk = E0 Rik Kizk Nernst model: yk = E0 Rik + K2 ln(zk) + K3 ln(1zk) Least Squared Fit: [Y] = [K]*[A] [A][Y] = [K]*[A][A] Matlab: k = (inv(A'*A))*A'*Y

Constant 3 Gain 2

-1 Z Integer Delay

zk

Add

3.6414 k0

0.0108 Gain 3

0.0003 Divide 1 k1 0.8664 k2 ln Math Function 1 1 Constant 2 Add 2 ln Math Function 0.2055 k3 -0.2110 k4 Add 1 Scope

Gregory L. Plett, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Extended Kalman filtering for battery management systems of LiPB-based HEV battery packs Journal of Power Sources 134 (2004) 252261 Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management Systems Center

Constant Current Discharging @ 20A, 10A, 5A, 1A

A123 High Power Lithium Ion ANR26650 Cell Discharge Curves 4

Y: observed data F: model data

3.5

2.5

R2_01A = 0.99 R2_05A = 0.97 R2_10A = 0.93 R2_20A = 0.85

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

1.5

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Voltage Error: Actual voltage estimated

0.06
0.03

0.04

1A: <0.05V

0.02

5A: <0.07V

0.02

0.01

-0.02

-0.01

-0.04

-0.02

-0.06

-0.03

-0.08

-0.1

Error is very small Usually dont fully discharge or charge the battery

-0.04

-0.05

-0.12

-0.06

-0.14

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

-0.07

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0.1

0.6

0.08

10A: <0.07V

0.5

20A: ~0.3V

0.06

0.4

0.04

0.3

0.02

0.2

0.1

-0.02

-0.04

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

-0.1

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

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Model 20% - 80% of SOC

At a low state of charge: nearly all the charging current is absorbed by the chemical reaction. Above 80% of SOC, more and more energy goes into heat.
reduce current for the last 20%

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Model output: Smooth line

3.8 3.6

3.4

3.2

2.8

2.6

2.4

2.2

1.8

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

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Measured

3.27

3.265

Zoomed in

3.26

3.255

3.25

3.245

3.24

3.235

3.23 4000

4200

4400

4600

4800

5000

5200

5400

5600

5800

6000

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Interval Discharge 5A for 60s & 20A for 30s

3.6 Experimental data Model output 3.4

3.2

Voltage (V)

2.8

2.6

2.4

Purpose: When driving, different discharging currents are applied to the battery
2.2

1.8

100

200

300

400 Time (s)

500

600

700

800

900

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Hysteresis

Hysteresis slowly changes as the cell is charged or discharged Hysteresis is considerably larger at low temperatures.

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Modeling hysteresis effect

constant tunes the rate of decay M is a function that gives the maximum polarization due to hysteresis as a function of SOC and the rate-of-change of SOC.

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Relaxation effect
If a cell is pulsed with current, it takes time for the voltage to converge to its steady-state level. Relaxation effect may be implemented as a low-pass filter on ik The output equation had the form:

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Simulink Model

Pulse Generator

Scope 1
i filter

Add Pulse Generator 1

filter Scope 3
i/cn i/cn hysteresis

Scope 2

ik ocv

Subsystem

Add 2

Scope 5

VT To Workspace

Add 1 Battery Cell Scope 4 Scope

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Result
3.6 Experimental data Model output 3.4

3.2

Voltage (V)

2.8

2.6

2.4

2.2

1.8

100

200

300

400 Time (s)

500

600

700

800

900

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Future Work
Pulse Discharging SoH, SoF Charging Algorithms Optimum power usage

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Acknowledgement
Please use one of the following three languages 1. This work was supported by ERC Program of the National Science Foundation under Award Number EEC-08212121. 2. This work made use of ERC shared facilities supported by the National Science Foundation under Award Number EEC-08212121. 3. This work was partially supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Award Number EEC-08212121.
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