Chapter 4 Carbon Compounds

4.1 VARIOUS CARBON COMPOUNDS

ITeach Chemistry Form 5

Carbon compounds

inorganic

organic

Obtained from non-living things Their molecules are made up of fewer carbon atoms Soluble in inorganic solvents suchs as water, acids and alkalis Non flammable Generally have high melting points

Obtained from living things Their molecules are made up of more carbon atoms Soluble in organic solvents suchs as petrol, alcohol, kerosine flammable Generally have low melting points

ITeach Chemistry Form 5

Organic Compounds
Carbon compounds

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

inorganic

organic

Examples of inorganic carbon compounds.

Examples of organic carbon compounds.

ITeach Chemistry Form 5

Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing hydrogen and carbon only.

Example of Hydrocarbons.

ITeach Chemistry Form 5

Organic Compounds
Sources of hydrocarbons

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

Petroleum Contains liquid hydrocarbons such as pentane (C5H12), hexane (C6H14), heptane (C7H16), octane (C8H18), nonane (C9H20), decane (C10H22), benzene (C6H6), toluene (C6H5CH3) and longer chain hydrocarbons such as kerosene, diesel and lubricating oil. These hydrocarbons are separated using fractional distillation. Natural Gas Contains methane (CH4). Ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10). Combustion of these gases releases heat energy which is used for cooking.

Coal Coal contains mainly carbon. However it does contain a small portion of hydrocarbon.

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Chapter 4 Carbon Compounds

4.2 ALCOHOL

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Alcohols

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

Industrial Production Of Ethanol (Hydration Process)

A mixture of ethene and steam is passed through phosphoric acid as catalyst at 300oC to form ethanol.

This reaction involves addition of water and is called hydration.

C2H4
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H2O

C2H5OH

Production of Ethene (ethylene) Ethene can be produced either by Extraction from natural gas using fractional distillation followed by steam cracking (the technique for converting alkanes to alkenes)(750 - 900oC) followed by liquefaction of the gas (100oC) and then further fractional distillation OR Extraction from crude oil using fractional distillation followed by steam cracking (750 - 900oC) of the naphtha or gas-oil fractions followed by liquefaction of the gas (-100oC) and then further fractional distillation. The cracking process typically involves endothermic equilibrium reactions such as: C2H6(g) C2H4(g) + H2(g) H = +138 kJ mol-1 C3H8(g) C2H4(g) + CH4(g) H = +81 kJ mol-1

ITeach Chemistry Form 5

Alcohols

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

Laboratory Preparation Of Ethanol (Fermentation Process)

2 grams of yeast is added into glucose solution. The mixture is kept at a temperature of 18 20oC. The zymase enzyme from yeast helps to convert glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide. The process is called fermentation. The mixture is then distilled and ethanol is collected at a temperature between 78 80oC.

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

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Past Year Question

Alcohols
Physical properties of alcohol Colourless volatile liquid

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

Sweet/sharp smell

Miscible (soluble in water)

Low melting and boiling point but its increase as the increasing number of carbon

Low density

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Alcohols
Chemical properties of alcohol - Combustion

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

Alcohol burns in air to form carbon dioxide and water.

C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

Alcohol is a clean fuel (complete combustion)

C4H9OH(l) + 6O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)

ITeach Chemistry Form 5

Alcohols
Chemical properties of alcohol - Oxidation

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

Alcohol can be oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate(VI) to form carboxylic acid.

During the reaction the colour of potassium dichromate changes from orange to green. C2H5OH(l) + 2[O] CH3COOH(l) + H2O(l) Ethanol Ethanoic acid

C3H7OH(l) + 2[O] C2H5COOH(l) + H2O(l)

Propanol Propanoic acid

C4H9OH(l) + 2[O] C3H7COOH(l) + H2O(l)

Butanol Butanoic acid

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Alcohols

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

Chemical properties of alcohol - Esterification

Alcohol react with organic acid in presence of sulphuric acid to produce ester (sweet smell- use as food flavouring and fragrances)

C2 H5OH(g) + CH3 COOH

Ethanol + Ethanoic acid

CH3COOC2 H5 (g) + H2O(l)

Ethyl ethanoate + water

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Past Year Question

Alcohols
Uses of ethanol

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

Used as solvents for Glue, iodine (antiseptic), after shave.

Used to make Food flavourings (esters)

Alcoholic drinks contain ethanol

Mixture of 10% ethanol and 90% petrol is used as fuel to run a car.

Vinegar is produced by oxidation of ethanol using acetobacter bacteria. Vinegar is used to preserve fruits
Past Year Question

ITeach Chemistry Form 5

Alcohols
Effect of ethanol abuse

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

Slows down the workings of brain and CNS

Obesity

Stomach ulcers Liver diseases FAS, smaller brains,hyperactivity

High blood pressure

Excessive consumption of alcoholic drinks can cause traffic accidents.

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Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

4.3 FATS

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Fats
Fats and oils

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

Fats and oils are natural esters obtained from plants or animals. Oils and fats provide our body energy. Fats can cushion our internal organs from injury due to an impact. Arctic animals have thick layer of fat to insulate their bodies from the cold weather. Fats and oils consist of two components namely one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules.

Note Students are not required to draw the structure of fatty acids. In general, fatty acids and fats can be represented as shown:
ITeach Chemistry Form 5

Fats
Differences between oils and fats

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

Differences Source State at room temperature Type of fats

Oils Plants such as oil palm Liquid state Unsaturated fats

Fats Animals Solid state Saturated fats

Bonds

C=C double bonds

C-C single bonds

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Fats
Example of unsaturated oil and saturated fat.

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

Unsaturated oil

Saturated fat

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Chapter 5 Chemicals For Consumers

4.4 PALM OIL AND ITS IMPORTANCE

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PALM OIL

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

Shell

(endocarp)

kernel

Pulp (mesocarp)

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PALM OIL PROCESS OF PALM OIL EXTRACTION

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

BUNCHES OF OIL PALM FRUIT STERILISATION

THRESHING

DIGESTION EXTRACTION CRUDE PALM OIL

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KERNEL OIL

PALM OIL

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

THE IMAGE OF PALM FACTORY

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PALM OIL

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

THE USES OF PALM OIL

THE POTENTIAL USES OF PALM FRUIT ??????

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PALM OIL

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

Nutritional substances in palm oil

Nutrient Vitamin E Vitamin A Chlolesterol free High HDL (good chlolesterol) Low LDL (bad) Function Antioxidant/healthy skin Vision, lungs and antioxidant Healthy Healthy heart

Balanced fats

Easy to digest

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PALM OIL

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

LOCAL R&D
MPOB (Malaysian Palm Oil Board) Problem-solving :
Results Disease control
Mechanisation Production of alternative fuel/biodiesel Value added application Biotechnology High quality oil Integrated pest management Recycling waste
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Action Treated marasmius bunch root

Produce more fruit Decrease dependence on fossil fuel Making plastic, ink and cosmetics Cloning (good traits) Stable at low temperature Biological control Extra income to farmers

PALM OIL

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

Potential uses oil palm

Biodiesel (5% palm oil + 95% diesel Paper Fireboard Plywood

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Chapter 5 Chemicals For Consumers

4.5 soap and cleaning action.

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Soap And Detergent

Soap

Chapter 5 Chemicals For Consumers

Soap is the sodium or potassium salt of an organic acid (fatty acid). Ordinary soap is usually sodium stearate (C17H35COONa) or sodium palmitate (C15H31COONa). Soap is prepared by heating vegetable oil with caustic alkali. Vegetable oil is a natural ester and can be hydrolysed by sodium hydroxide into soap.

The process is called saponification. A mixture of vegetable oil and concentrated sodium hydroxide is heated.
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Past Year Question

TYPE OF FATTY ACIDS

Fatty acids sources

Stearic acid Lauric acid

Palmitic acid Oleic acid Linoleic acid (Omega 6)

Animal fats Coconut oil and palm kernel oil

Palm oil Olive oil Soya bean oil,sunfower,corn,evening primrose, palm oil Flaxseed oil, canola oil, soya bean

Alpha-linoleic acid (Omega 3)

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Soap And Detergent

Soap - Continued

Chapter 5 Chemicals For Consumers

Then a concentrated sodium chloride solution is added to precipitate out the soap. Sodium chloride decreases the solubility of the soap. The soap is purified before perfumes and colouring are added. The reaction is represented by the equation below:

ITeach Chemistry Form 5

PROCESS OF MAKING SOAPS

AIM To study the process of making soap from the reaction of oil with sodium hydroxide solution

HYPOTHESIS Soap are produced by reaction between oil and alkaly VARIABLE Manipulated : Presence of oil Responding : production of soap Constant : concentration of alkaly Palm oil, concentrated sodium hydroxide solution (4 moldm-3 ), sodium chloride powder, distilled water

MATERIALS

APPARATUS Beaker, tripod stand, wire gauze, bunsen burner, glass rod, spatula, measuring cylinder, test tube, filter paper, filter funnel, conical flask PROCEDUR 1. 5 cm3 of palm oil is were put into a beaker E 2. 20 cm3 of sodium hydroxide are added into the same beaker. 3. The mixture are stirred and boiled for 15 minutes. The mixture are avoided from foaming. 4. 30 cm3 of distilled water are added with two spatula of table salt into solution 5. The mixture are boiled for 5 minutes 6. The mixture in the beaker was left to cool before the white solid that was produced is filtered

7. The following tests were carried out on the white solid a) rubbed between the fingers b) a little white solid was mixed with water in a test tube and shaken c) the white solid was tested with moist red litmus paper. 8. Observation on the characteristics of the product were recorded.

Observation Test on the white solid Feel with your finger Shake in water observation Smooth A lot of bubbles are produced

Moist red litmus paper

Discussion
1. 2. 3. 4.

Turns too blue

The white solid produced are soap The reaction process of making soap are hydrolisis The function of sodium chloride are to reduce the solubility of soap in water Soap are soapy and alkaline solution

ANALYSIS:

1. 2. 3.

4.

CONCLUSION:

1.

2.

The white spots on the nutrient agar are bacterial colonies Bacteria grew well in petri dishes A, D, and G Bacteria grows rapidly in the presence of nutrients, damp, dark, at a temperature 370C and in neutral conditions (pH 7) Bacteria do not grow in conditions that dry, extremely bright, cold, too acidic (low pH) and too alkaline (high pH). Bacteria live well in the presence of water, dark and damp condition, at a temperature of 370C and in neutral conditions (pH7) The hypothesis made can be accepted.

Soap And Detergent

Chapter 5 Chemicals For Consumers

Detergent preparation - sodium alkyl sulphate

Step 1 : Sulphonating of alkyl alcohol

Alkyl sulphonic acid

Step 2 : Neutralisation The alkyl sulphonic acid is neutralized by using sodium hydroxide.

Sodium alkyl sulphate (Detergent)

ITeach Chemistry Form 5

Soap And Detergent

Chapter 5 Chemicals For Consumers

Detergent preparation - sodium alkyl benzene sulphonic

Step 1 : Alkylation

Step 2 : Sulphonation

Step 3 : Neutralisation

Sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate

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Past Year Question

Soap And Detergent

Cleansing action of soap

Chapter 5 Chemicals For Consumers

Hydrophobic section

Hydrophilic section

The soap molecule consists of two sections.

One section consists of non-polar organic section called the hydrophobic group. This section is soluble in greasy surfaces. The other section is the polar group which carries a negative charge. This section is soluble in water and is called the hydrophilic group.

For soap, the hydrophilic group consists of the carboxylate (-COO-) group

ITeach Chemistry Form 5

Soap And Detergent

Chapter 5 Chemicals For Consumers

Cleansing action of soap and detergent - Continued

The hydrophobic section of the soap dissolves in grease whereas the hydrophilic section dissolves in water. The soap molecules therefore place themselves at the boundary between the grease and water. This lowers the surface tension of the water and increases the wetting power of the water. The grease can be separated from the fabric. Soap acts as a wetting agent. Any brushing or agitation of the water will help to lift the grease from the surface of the fabric and also causes it to break into tiny grease droplets. As these are negatively charged there are repulsive forces between them and they are suspended in the solution. Suspension of oil in water is called an emulsion. Thus soap and detergent acts as emulsifying agents.

ITeach Chemistry Form 5

Past Year Question

Soap And Detergent

Chapter 5 Chemicals For Consumers

Comparing the effectiveness of cleansing action of soap and detergent in hard water

Cleansing action of soap in hard water is ineffective because the soap particles react with the calcium and magnesium ions in the hard water to form insoluble salts called scum.
2RCOO-(aq) + Ca2+(aq) (RCOO)2Ca(s) 2RCOO-(aq) + Mg2+(aq) (RCOO)2Mg(s)

Cleansing action of detergent in hard water is still effective because the calcium and magnesium sulphate or sulphonate salts are soluble in water. This means that the detergent particles are not precipitated out and are available to remove the grease spot.

The amount of soap particles that remain for cleansing the grease is reduced.

ITeach Chemistry Form 5

Past Year Question

Soap And Detergent

Chapter 5 Chemicals For Consumers

Effect of soap and detergent on environment

Soap All soaps are biodegradable. Detergent Not all detergents are biodegradable.

They are made from vegetable oil Those detergents with branched like palm oil. chains are non-biodegradable. It can thus be broken down by These detergents pollute our water. microorganisms.

Examples of non-biodegradable detergent

Example detergent
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of

biodegradable

Past Year Question

Chapter 5 Chemicals For Consumers

4.6 NATURAL POLYMER

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Polymers
Polymers Polymer = combination of large molecules (these molecules are made from a chain of smaller repeating chemical units called monomers)
POLYMERISATION

DEPOLYMERISATION

NATURAL VS SYNTHETIC
TYPE OF POLYMER EXAMPLE CARBOHYDRATE NATURAL CELLULOSE STARCH MONOMER GLUCOSE GLUCOSE GLUCOSE

NATURAL RUBBER
PROTEIN NEOPRENE/SYNTHETIC RUBBER SYNTHETIC NYLON 66 PERSPEX

ISOPRENE
AMINO ACID ISOPRENE DIAMINOHEXANE METHYL METHACRYLATE (600C / lauryl peroxide) STYRENE CHLOROETHENE ETHENE

POLYSTYRENE POLYVINYL CHLORIDE POLYETHENE

Natural Rubber
Natural polymers Protein

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

The monomers that make up proteins are the amino acids.

These amino acids undergo condensation polymerization with the removal of water molecules, to form protein.

ITeach Chemistry Form 5

Natural Rubber
Natural polymers Carbohydrates

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

The monomers that make up carbohydrates are the glucose molecules.

These glucose molecules undergo condensation polymerization with the removal of water molecules, to form carbohydrate.

n C6H12 O6 (C6H10 O5)n + n H2O

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Natural Rubber
Natural polymers Natural Rubber

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

The monomers that make up natural rubber are the 2-methylbut-1,3-diene molecules. These molecules undergo addition polymerization to form rubber polymer (poly isoprene).

ITeach Chemistry Form 5

Natural Rubber
Coagulation of latex

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

The latex that comes out of the rubber tree is a sticky liquid. An acid can help to coagulate the latex.

ITeach Chemistry Form 5

Natural Rubber
Coagulation of latex

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

1. Latex consists of colloid particles. Each particle contains the rubber polymers enclosed in a protein membrane. The protein membranes carry negative charges. Thus there are repulsive forces between the particles and they cannot collide freely with one another.
2. When an acid is added, the H+ ions from the acid neutralize the negative charges.

3. The neutral particles can then collide freely with one another.

4. The protein membranes break due to the collisions. The rubber polymers are then released. 5. The rubber polymers then join with one another to form longer chained polymers which get entangled with one another and form a solid mass of coagulated rubber.
ITeach Chemistry Form 5

Natural Rubber
Preventing Coagulation of latex

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

1. The protein membrane is a food source for the bacteria in the latex.

2. The action of the bacteria produces lactic acid which then causes the rubber to coagulate by itself.

3. To prevent the latex from coagulating, add an alkali solution such as ammonia solution.

4. The hydroxide ions from the alkali neutralize the acid produced by the bacteria.

5. Thus the negative charges on the rubber particles remain and hence prevent the rubber from coagulating.

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Past Year Question

Natural Rubber
Vulcanisation of rubber
Properties of rubber

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

Natural rubber has a low melting point. On heating to above 50oC, it melts and becomes sticky and soft. Thus it is not of much use.

1. The polymers in natural rubber are coiled and intertwined with one another. 2. When a large force is applied, the rubber polymers slide along each other. 3. When released, the rubber does not go back to the original length. Natural rubber is very stretchable. However it is not elastic because it does not go back to its original length when the distorting force is removed. If the force is large enough, the rubber will break. The melting point and elasticity of the rubber can be increased by heating it with sulphur powder. This process is called vulcanisation .
ITeach Chemistry Form 5

Natural Rubber
Vulcanisation of rubber

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

M = Rubber Monomer S = Sulphur Atom The sulphur atoms form cross-linkages between the rubber polymers at the double bond positions. These cross linkages prevent the rubber polymers from slipping so that the rubber retains its elasticity. More heat energy is needed to break the C-S-S-C bonds joining the rubber polymers. Thus the melting point of vulcanized rubber is higher. Vulcanised rubber is also resistant to oxidation.

ITeach Chemistry Form 5

Natural Rubber

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

Comparing the elasticity of vulcanised and unvulcanised rubber

Procedure
1. Two strips of unvulcanized and vulcanized rubber of the same length and breadth are hung by clips as shown above. The initial lengths of the rubber strips are measured using a ruler and recorded. 2. A 100 g weight is hung on each strip. The length of each stretched rubber strip is measured and recorded. 3. The 100g weight is removed and the final length of each rubber strip is measured.
ITeach Chemistry Form 5

Natural Rubber

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

Comparing the elasticity of vulcanised and unvulcanised rubber

Rubber Initial length / cm Length of strip when weight is hung /cm Length of strip when weight is removed /cm

Unvulcanised Rubber

Vulcanised Rubber

20.0

20.0

20.7
20.3

20.5
20.0

The unvulcanised rubber stretched longer than vulcanised rubber when the weight is hung. Unvulcanised rubber is more stretchable. The vulcanized rubber goes back to its original length when the weight is removed whereas the unvulcanised rubber does not. Vulcanised rubber is more elastic than unvulcanised rubber.

ITeach Chemistry Form 5

Natural Rubber
Uses Of Natural Rubber

Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

Rubber is mixed with bitumen to make rubberized running racks.

Mattress/ pillows

Sole of shoes

Balls

Surgical gloves

Wire insulator

Tyres

Water hose

Do you know that one quarter of the weight of a car tyre consists of carbon? The carbon conducts charges produced from friction between the tyres and the road. The build up of these charges can cause fire in trucks that carry flammable liquid like petroleum.
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The End

i - Teach