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BY:-MANISH KR.SHUKLA NIKHIL SHARMA MANINDER SINGH BISHT SAURABH KUMAR MANISH CHOUDHARY NIKHIL KR.PANDEY
INTRODUCTION TO FOUNDATIONS
A foundation is the lowest and supporting layer of a structure.
Function of a foundation is to transfer the structural loads from a building safely into the ground. A Large and heavier building of masonry steel,or concrete would require its foundation to go deeper into earth such that the soil or the rock on which it is founded is competent to carry its massive loads.
Substructure Foundation
of loads on foundations: Dead, live, wind, inclined of settlements: Uniform and differential -
Differential settlement must be minimized, depends on site soil conditions and distribution of loads on columns supporting the building
Requirements
foundation system safe against settlements that would lead to collapse - Foundation settlement should not damage the structure - Foundation must be technically and economically feasible
Foundation Loads
Dead
Load
Live
Load
Wind
Member Forces
SETTLEMENTS OF FOUNDATIONS
NO SETTLEMENT
TOTAL SETTLEMENT
DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
Uniform settlement is usually of little consequence in a building, but differential settlement can cause severe structural damage
Pile Foundations
BS8004 defines deep foundation with D>B or D>3m.
Pile foundation always more expensive than shallow foundation but will overcome problems of soft surface soils by transferring load to stronger, deeper stratum, thereby reducing settlements. Pile resistance is comprised of end bearing shaft friction For many piles only one of these components is important. This is the basis of a simple classification
Most of the piles used in Hong Kong are end bearing piles. This is because the majority of new developments are on reclaimed land
PILES
SOFT SOIL
ROCK
Friction Piles
If the firm soil is at a considerable depth, it may be very expensive to use end bearing piles. In such situations, the piles are driven through the penetrable soil for some distance. The piles transmit the load of structure to the penetrable soil by means of skin friction between the soil.
PILES
SOFT SOIL
Types of Pile
The pile installation procedure varies considerably, and has an important influence on the subsequent response Three categories of piles are classified by method of installation as below: Large displacement piles
They encompass all solid driven piles including precast concrete piles, steel or concrete tubes closed at the lower end
Replacement piles
They are formed by machine boring, grabbing or hand-digging.
V M H
Modes of failure
The soil is always failure by punching shear. The failure mode of pile is always in buckling failure mode.
Disadvantages
May break during driving
Noise and vibration problems
Disadvantages
Concrete cannot be inspected after installation
Equipment can break up practically all Liable to squeezing or necking kinds of obstructions Can be installed in conditions of low headroom No ground heave Raking bored pile are difficult to construct Drilling a number of pile groups may cause ground loss and settlement of adjacent structures Cannot be extended above ground level without special adaptation
Basic Concept
Qu
The ultimate bearing capacity (Qu )of a pile may be assessed using soil mechanics principles. The capacity is assumed to be the sum of skin friction and end-bearing resistance, i.e Qu =Qb+Qs-W .(1) where Qu total pile resistance, Qb is the end bearing resistance and Qs is side friction resistance
Qs
General behaviour
Shaft resistance fully mobilized at small pile movement (<0.01D) Base resistance mobilized at large movement (0.1D)
Qb
Qu = Qs + Qb - W
Loading Qu QB
Important to adopt good construction practice to enhance shaft friction and base resistance Shaft and base grouting useful in enhancing pile capacity
QU = QB + QsW(3)
Qb=Ab[cbNc+Po(Nq-1)+gd/2Ng+Po] -Wp Where Ab is the area of the base , cb is the cohesion at the base of the pile, Po is the overburden stress at the base of the pile and d is the width of the pile.
Qs
W
QB
QB=AB Nq sv
Nq is generally related to the angle of shearing resistance f. For general design purposed, it is suggested that the Nq value proposed by Berezantze et al (1961) as presented in Figure ?? are used. However, the calculated ultimate base stress should conservatively be limited to 10Mpa, unless higher values have been justified by load tests.
Where p is the perimeter of the pile and L is the total length of the pile
qB=Nccu QB=ABNccu
where Nc= 9 when the location of the pile base below ground surface exceeds fours times the pile diameter