Lab # 3 15th Feb.

2014

Flow Control EVAL Command Matlab Calling Priority Input and output techniques File input/output Function (User Defined Functions)

Logic Control: Iterative Loops:

FOR WHILE IF / ELSEIF / ELSE SWITCH / CASE / OTHERWISE

Works on Conditional statements Short-circuited in MATLAB once a condition is true, the sequence terminates.

if I == J A(I,J) = 2; elseif abs(I-J) == 1 A(I,J) = -1; else A(I,J) = 0; end

if_examp

More efficient than elseif statements Only the first matching case is executed

switch input_num case -1 input_str = 'minus one'; case 0 input_str = 'zero'; case 1 input_str = 'plus one'; case {-10,10} input_str = '+/- ten'; otherwise input_str = 'other value'; end

switch_examp

Similar to other programming languages Repeats loop a set number of times (based on index) Can be nested

N=10; for I = 1:N for J = 1:N A(I,J) = I+J; end end

for_examp

Similar to other programming languages Repeats loop until logical condition returns FALSE. Can be nested.

I=1; N=10; while I<=N J=1; while J<=N A(I,J)=1/(I+J-1); J=J+1; end I=I+1; end

while_examp

Using Array Operations:

Density = Mass(I,J)/(Length.*Width.*Height);

Using Loops: [rows, cols]

= size(M);

for I = 1:rows
for J = 1:cols Density(I,J) = M(I,J)/(L(I,J)*W(I,J)*H(I,J)); end

end

array_vs_loops

Evaluates the MATLAB expression specified by

the input string. Very useful for inserting indices into strings.
% This file creates the first N magic matrices.

% Each matrix is saved as a variable: "magic#".

N = 10; abcd = abcd;

for I = 1:N
eval([abcd, num2str(I),]); end eval_examp

High

variable built-in function subfunction private function MEX-file P-file M-file

cos='This string.'; cos(8) ans = r clear cos cos(8) ans = -0.1455

Low

Data Input

Data Input: Three methods 1. Assign data to variables through an assignment statement 2. Input data from Keyboard 3. Read data from a file stored in computer memory

1.

Assign data to variables through an assignment statement

>>x=2; >>y=34.2; >>name= Ahmed; or >>x=2; y=34.2; name=Ahmed;

2.
I. II. III.

IV.

Input data from Keyboard (Interactive input) Input Function Keyboard Command menu function pause command

I. Input Function : See different version of this function >>Enter radius in mr=input(Enter radius in meters:) r=input(Enter radius in meters:); eters:56 %r will become integer r= 56 Enter radius in meters: ninety six %r will become string , Note: r= ninety six >>r=input(what is your Brotehrs name:, s) %r string, what is your fathers name: Ahmed % Note: not required r= Ahmed

compulsory

II. Keyboard & return command keyboard command when included in a script file returns control to the keyboard at the point where command occurs. The command window prompt is prefixed by the letter k. This command is used for 1. Check the intermediate results in the program 2. Make changes in variables value if required 3. Add new MATLAB commands in the program

Example
A=10; B=16; keyboard Z=A-B

%check the value of Y and change Y=10, after finishing write

%return command, it will execute rest program

III. menu function for pictorial selection. Syntax is I=menu(title, option1, option2,..) i=menu('Select the type of load for 8 m simply supported beam', 'Point Load 10 kN','Point Load 20 kN', 'UDL 2 kN /m', 'UDL 4 kN /m'); if i==1 disp('Moment At Center of Beam = 20 kN.m') elseif i==2 disp('Moment At Center of Beam = 40 kN.m') elseif i==3 disp('Moment At Center of Beam = 16 kN.m') elseif i==4 disp('Moment At Center of Beam = 32 kN.m') end

IV. pause command pause command temporarily halts the current computation and waits for the user to give a command to resume the computations. Pressing any key resumes the computation. pause(k) command stops the computation for k seconds. Exp: Make a .m file for the following code and run it P=[1 2; 3 4]; Q=[5 5; 7 8]; disp('The matrix P is given as:') disp(P) disp('Program is paused, please press any key to display matrix Q') pause disp('The matrix Q is given as:') disp(Q) Z=P+Q; disp('Program is paused, please press any key to display sum of P & Q') pause disp(Z) disp('Again program is pausing for 5 sec') pause(5)

Data Input - simplest method

load command
Ex: load(data_file.txt) reads on a row-by-row basis data values separated by spaces or commas and rows

terminated by new line columns must have the same number of elements data is stored in workspace in an array with same name as the argument used in the load function Ex. Portland International Airport monthly rainfall
load (PDXprecip.dat) % must be in search path!

Data Output - simplest method

Save command
Ex: save(data_file_name) Saves all the variables into a .mat file named data_file_name Many other commands are available for special

purpose file I/O

% read data into PDXprecip matrix load('PDXprecip.dat'); % copy first column of PDXprecip into month month = PDXprecip(:,1); % and second column into precip precip = PDXprecip(:,2); % plot precip vs. month with circles plot(month,precip,'o'); % add axis labels and plot title xlabel('month of the year'); ylabel('mean precipitation (inches)'); title('Mean monthly precipitation at Portland International Airport');

Display contents of working directory Practice following in Matlab

dir A = dir size(A) A(3).name

filename = A(3).name

Core MATLAB (Built-in) Functions

sin, abs, exp, ...

MATLAB-supplied M-file Functions

mean, stat,

User-created M-file Functions

?????

Differences between Script & Function M-files:

Structural Syntax Function Workspaces, Inputs & Outputs

Function (subroutine, method, procedure, or subprogram) is a portion of code within a larger program, which performs a specific task and can be relatively independent of the remaining code.

One M-file, One Task, One Workspace

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Input (Object / Data): X =

80 90 95 100 98 88 92

Functions:

y = mean(x) y = sum(x) y = max(x)

Output: (Data)

91.85

643

100
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Output

function

Input

It hides the code and its workspace and communicates with the world using the input and output variables
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A function is a black box

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The file is a Matlab function The output variables (if there are few use []: [out1 out2] ) Should be same as the name of the file
sumTwoNums.m:

function my_sum = sumTwoNums(a,b) my_sum = a+b; Assign the output variables (else - Matlab will give an error)
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The input variables

help:
Usage Input

Output
Examples Testing for proper variables
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function my_sum = sumTwoNums(a,b) First line % SUMTWONUMS sum to scalars % this function sums two scalar % and returns the result % INPUT: % a - the first scalar % b - the second scalar % % OUTPUT: % my_sum - the sum of a and b; sum = a+b if (~isscalar(a)) error('First argument is not a scalar'); end if (~isscalar(b)) error('Second argument is not a scalar'); end

my_sum = a+b;

Calculations and Output assignment

Assume we wrote the function: function my_sum = sumTwoNums(a,b) my_sum = a + b; In the workspace we run:
a b x y s = = = = = 1; 2; 3; 4; sumTwoNums(x, y)
Matlab Workspace: Function Workspace:

a=1 b=2

a=3 b=4 my_sum = 7

What is the output? s = 7

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X=3
y=4 s=7

A method to solve complex problems Principles:

Start from large problems to small A function does one task Think before you code

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Keyword: function

Function Name (same as file name .m) Input Argument(s)

Output Argument(s) function y = mean(x)

% MEAN Average or mean value. Online Help % For vectors, MEAN(x) returns the mean value. % For matrices, MEAN(x) is a row vector % containing the mean value of each column. [m,n] = size(x); MATLAB Code if m == 1 m = n; end y = sum(x)/m; output_value = mean(input_value)

Command Line Syntax

Multiple Input function r = ourrank(X,tol) Arguments ( , ) % OURRANK Rank of a matrix s = svd(X); if (nargin == 1) Multiple Output tol = max(size(X))*s(1)*eps; Arguments [ , ] end r = sum(s > tol); function [mean,stdev] = ourstat(x) % OURSTAT Mean & std. deviation [m,n] = size(x); if m == 1 m = n; end mean = sum(x)/m; stdev = sqrt(sum(x.^2)/m mean.^2); RANK = ourrank(rand(5),0.1); [MEAN,STDEV] = ourstat(1:99);