In the physical sciences, mechanical energy is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy.

* It is the energy associated with the motion and position of an object. The law of conservation of mechanical energy states that in an isolated system that is only subject to conservative forces the mechanical energy is constant. * If an object is moved in the opposite direction of a conservative net force, the potential energy will increase and if the speed (not the velocity) of the object is changed, the kinetic energy of the object is changed as well.

Example of Mechanical Energy

A satellite is orbiting the Earth only influenced by the conservative gravitational force and the mechanical energy is therefore conserved. The satellite is accelerated towards the Earth with an acceleration perpendicular to the velocity. Though the velocity is constantly changed with the direction of the vector because of the acceleration vector, the speed of the satellite is not since the magnitude of the velocity vector remains unchanged.

* Kinetic Energy * Potential Energy

* In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the energy which it possesses due to its motion.

* It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity.
* Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed changes.

Example of Kinetic Energy

The cars of a roller coaster reach their maximum kinetic energy when at the bottom of their path. When they start rising, the kinetic energy begins to be converted to gravitational potential energy. The sum of kinetic and potential energy in the system remains constant, ignoring losses to friction.

 In physics, potential energy is energy stored in a system of forcefully

interacting physical entities.

The SI Unit for measuring work and energy is the Joule. Potential

energy is associated with forces that act on a body in a way that depends only on the body's position in space.
These forces can be represented by vector at every point in space

forming what is known as a vector field of forces, or a force field.

Example of Potential Energy

In the case of a bow and arrow, the energy is converted from the potential energy in the archer's arm to the potential energy in the bent limbs of the bow when the string is drawn back. When the string is released, the potential energy in the bow limbs is transferred back through the string to become kinetic energy in the arrow as it takes flight.

 Chemical Energy is energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds (atoms and molecules). It is released in a chemical reaction, often producing heat as a by product (exothermic reaction). Batteries, biomass, petroleum, natural gas, and coal are examples of stored chemical energy. Usually, once chemical energy is released from a substance, that substance is transformed into an entirely new substance. For example, when an explosive goes off, chemical energy stored in it is transferred to the surroundings as thermal energy, sound energy and kinetic energy.

In the example above, notice that new compounds are formed from the breakdown of other molecules or atoms. Chemical reaction causes that.

CHEMICAL ENERGY IN INDIA

The main objective of the Chemical Sources of Energy Programme is the development and applications of fuel cell technology which produces electricity, water and heat through reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. Fuel Cells are emerging as power sources for automobiles. The widespread use of fuel cells for power generation, transport and other applications is expected to reduce dependence on scarce fossil fuels and help in preserving the environment.

Ongoing Projects in Fuel Cells:

Development of Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell and Test Protocols (IIT Delhi). Solid Oxide Fuel Cells that operate directly on hydrocarbon feedstock (IIT Delhi). Development of High performance intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFC) by low cost ceramic processing techniques (IMMT, Bhubaneshwar). Design and development of Alkaline fuel cell : Scaling up from bench scale i.e. 185 W to 500W (SICES Degree College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ambernath (W), Mumbai). Development of high performance direct Methanol Fuel Cell (University of Calcutta). Development of PEM For fuel cell by plasma process (Institute of Advanced Study in Science Technology, Guwahati). Development of Non-fluorinated Polymeric Membrane for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi)

 One of the oldest and most important applications of electrochemistry is to the storage and conversion of energy. As a galvanic cell converts chemical energy to work; similarly, an electrolytic cell converts electrical work into chemical free energy. Devices that carry out these conversions are called batteries.

In ordinary batteries the chemical components are contained within the device itself.

BATTERY The term battery derives from the older use of this word to describe physical attack or "beating"; Benjamin Franklin first applied the term to the electrical shocks that could be produced by an array of charged glass plates. In common usage, the term "call" is often used in place of battery. For portable and transportation applications especially, a battery or fuel cell should store (and be able to deliver) the maximum amount of energy at the desired rate (power level) from a device that has the smallest possible weight and volume.

 It is the energy carried by moving electrons in an electric conductor. When electrons are forced along a path in a conducting substance such as a wire, the result is energy called electricity. Electrical generating plants do not create energy. They change other forms of energy into electricity. For example, power plants can convert chemical energy stored in fuels into thermal energy, which evaporates water into steam, which produces mechanical energy as it moves through turbines. The turbines spin generators, which produce electricity.

Electricity generation in India India has seen excellent economic growth in the last two decades. One of the prime reasons behind this is the availability of good infrastructure. Electrical energy is essential for industrial growth of any country. The availability of good power supply benefits almost every sector of a nation. That is why the Government of India has given high priority to the power sector of the nation. India has a flourishing power sector that is meeting most of the energy needs of the country. The 21st century finds a huge number of electric power plants located across India. India has sufficient technology and expertise to generate electricity through the use of Coal power Wind power Water power Nuclear power

State Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andhra Pradesh 506.13 1013.74

Per capita Consumption(kWh)

Arunachal Pradesh
Assam Bihar Chandigarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana

503.27
209.2 117.48 1238.51 1447.72 2004.77 1558. 1491.37

Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand

1144.94
968.47 750.46

Karnataka Kerala Lakshadweep Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra

855 536.78 428.81 618.1 1054.1

Manipur
Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh

207.15
613.36 429.31 242.39 837.55 1864.5 1663.01 811.12 845.4 1250.81 253.78 386.93

Uttarakhand
West Bengal Average

930.41
515.08 853.05

It is not a state function i.e. it depends on the path. Thus, absolute measurement holds no value and only change in energy is measured. Specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius.
To calculate change in thermal energy=

= m x T x Cp

 The ultimate source of thermal energy- Sun radiation- Geothermal energy.

Largest five geothermal plants in the world:

Country USA Philippines Indonesia

Capacity(MW) 2013 3389 1894 1333

Mexico
Italy

980
901

 Conduction or Diffusion - The transfer of energy between objects that are in physical contact. Convection - The transfer of energy between an object and its environment, due to fluid motion. Radiation - The transfer of energy to or from a body by means of the emission or absorption of electromagnetic radiation.

Wavelengths ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter.

Microwave ovens: Penetrate food and vibrate water & fat molecules to produce thermal energy

 Slightly lower energy than visible light Can raise the thermal energy of objects Thermogram - image made by detecting IR radiation


*Small part of the EM spectrum we can see. *ROY G. BIV - colors in order of increasing energy
R O Y G .
yello w gree n blu e

B I

re d

orang e

indig o

viol et

 Slightly higher energy than visible light. Types: UVA - tanning, wrinkles UVB sunburn, cancer UVC - most harmful, sterilization

 Energy higher than UV Can penetrate soft tissue, but not bones

 Highest energy EM radiation Emitted by radioactive atoms Used to kill cancerous cells

Radiation treatment using radioactive cobalt-60.

 A non renewable energy resource is a resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time frames. Fossil fuels, metal ores are the examples of these resources.

 Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons, primarily coal formed from the remains of dead plants and animals. Coal, oil and gas are called fossil fuels because they have been formed from the organic remains of prehistoric plants and animals.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Coal Natural gas Oil Petroleum Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

 It is the energy that is trapped inside each atom. Any change occurring in the nuclear structure which results in the liberation of high amounts of energy is called nuclear energy.

 The process in which two nuclei fuse together, forming another nucleus is called nuclear fusion. This process generally releases a large amount of energy.

 Vast amounts of energy are liberated using the processes in which an unstable heavy nucleus splits apart into smaller nuclei, this is called nuclear fission. Example- Uranium nuclei break apart into smaller nuclei while simultaneously releasing energy.

 Energy sources that can be generated using naturally occurring phenomena are known as renewable energy sources.
Various forms of renewable energy sources are solar, wind, biomass, hydro, geothermal, wave and tidal energy.

 It refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends Sunlight and heat is the source of source of solar energy This can be used in solar water heaters, solar cookers and solar electric generators The total solar energy absorbed by earths atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3850000 exajoules (EX) per year

 It involves harnessing of wind power to produce electricity In order to make a wind system effective, a consistent average wind speed of 25-30 km/h is required Worldwide there are now over two hundread thousand wind turbines operating

 It is a renewable energy resource derived from the carbonaceous waste of various human and natural sources called biomass These include byproducts from the wood industry, agricultural crops and raw materials from the forest, household wastes and so on Biomass can be converted into liquid fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel which are used to fuel our transportation needs

 It is the term referring to energy generated by hydro power i.e the production of electrical power through the use of gravitational force of falling water It accounts for 16% of global electricity generation Three Gorges Dam in the Peoples Republic Of China is the largest hydroelectric power station in the world India is the 7th largest hydroenergy producer in the world

 It is the thermal energy generated and stored in the earth Water is pumped in the ground where it comes into contact with the hot rocks present below the earths surface. This leads to the transformation of water into steam which is further used to generate electric energy The largest group of geothermal power plants in the world is located at the Geysers, a geothermal field in california

 It is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into useful forms of powermainly electricity However there are some tidal power issues related such as: 1) Tidal power can have effects on marine life 2) Salt water causes corrosion in metal parts

*In physics, the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system cannot changeit is said to be conserved over time. *Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but can change form.

*For instance chemical energy can be converted to kinetic energy in the explosion of a stick of dynamite.
*A consequence of the law of conservation of energy is that a perpetual motion machine of the first kind cannot exist. That is to say, no system without an external energy supply can deliver an unlimited amount of energy to its surroundings.

The law of conservation of energy can be seen in these everyday examples of energy transference: Water can produce electricity. Water falls from the sky, converting potential energy to kinetic energy. This energy is then used to rotate the turbine of a generator to produce electricity. In this process, the potential energy of water in a dam can be turned into kinetic energy which can then become electric energy. When a moving car hits a parked car and causes the parked car to move, energy is transferred from the moving car to the parked car. A fly ball hits a window in a house, shattering the glass. The energy from the ball was transferred to the glass, making it shatter into pieces and fly in various directions. Two football players collided on the field, and both went flying backwards. Energy was transferred from each player to the other, sending them in the opposite direction from which they had been running. Potential energy of oil or gas is changed into energy to heat a building.

*Energy in a system may take on various forms (e.g. kinetic, potential, heat, light). *The law of conservation of energy states that energy may neither be created nor destroyed. *Therefore the sum of all the energies in the system is a constant.

The most commonly used example is the pendulum: The formula to calculate the potential energy is: PE = mgh The mass of the ball = 10kg The height, h = 0.2m The acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s^2 Substitute the values into the formula and you get: PE = 19.6J (J = Joules, unit of energy) The position of the blue ball is where the Potential Energy (PE) = 19.6J while the Kinetic Energy (KE) = 0. As the blue ball is approaching the purple ball position the PE is decreasing while the KE is increasing. At exactly halfway between the blue and purple ball position the PE = KE. The position of the purple ball is where the Kinetic Energy is at its maximum while the Potential Energy (PE) = 0. At this point, theoretically, all the PE has transformed into KE> Therefore now the KE = 19.6J while the PE = 0. The position of the pink ball is where the Potential Energy (PE) is once again at its maximum and the Kinetic Energy (KE) = 0. We can now say and understand that: PE + KE = 0 PE = -KE The sum of PE and KE is the total mechanical energy: Total Mechanical Energy = PE + KE NOTE: This is with the absence of outside forces such as friction

There are many ways in which each individual can help conserve energy: *This can be done by turning off the lights, fan, air conditioners and other electrical appliances when not in use. *Setting the thermostat of ACs one or two degrees lower during winters and one or two degrees higher in summers can reduce energy by a significant amount. *Car pooling or using public transportation will reduce the fuel or energy consumption.

Group Members: Aditi Bairathi 130607 Aditi Kaushik 130549 Akanksha Sharma 130821 Anjali Lal 130906 Archana Jain 130546 Arunima Malik 130746 Presentation compiled by Akanksha Sharma