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Orthopox Characteristics
What is Smallpox?
Origin is uncertain, but believed to have originated in Africa, which then spread to India and China. Smallpox reached Europe between the 5th and 7th centuries Epidemics occurred in the North American colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries
Epidemiology
The first recorded smallpox epidemic was in 1350 BC during the Egyptian-Hittite war. In the London epidemic of 1857-1859, there were 14,244 deaths; in the 1863-1865 outbreak - 20,059 deaths. Japan-1892 their records showed 165,774 cases with 29,979 deaths. In the Philippines between 1917 and 1919, 162,503 reported cases and 71,453 deaths. In the 20th century alone, an estimated 300 million people died from the disease.
Last known case in the United States was in 1949. Last known naturally occurring case in the world was in Somalia in 1977. Except for laboratory stockpiles, the virus has been eliminated.
Observed that farmers who caught cowpox never caught smallpox. 1798 he introduced cowpox vaccination for smallpox.
James Phipps was the first person to receive the vaccine and he did not become infected.
Symptoms
Fever (101-104F)
Occasional vomiting
Malaise
Head and body aches
Rashes
Pustules
Transmission
Humans are the only natural hosts. To survive, the virus must pass from person to person. Inhaled droplets of air or aerosols enters through respiratory mucosal route. Direct or prolonged face-to-face contact required with infected person. Bodily fluids or contaminated objects.
Binding to cell receptors and penetration of host cell. Uncoating of protein coat. Gene expression and transcription. Genome replication (occurs in the cytoplasm). Assembly and release of new virions. Replication occurs in ~12 hours.
Infection Process
Contagious.
Scabs Resolved Once the last scab has fallen off, the person is no longer contagious.
Diagnostic Tests
Electron Microscopy.
Prognosis
Preventative Measures
Smallpox vaccine provides a high level of protection against the disease for about five years. Without the vaccine, it is nearly impossible to prevent infection.
Contains live vaccina virus. Does not contain smallpox and does not cause smallpox.
Smallpox was used as a biological weapon during the French-Indian wars in the United States (1754-1767), when British soldiers gave the Indians blankets that had
been used by smallpox patients.
Japan considered the use of smallpox as a biological weapon in World War II. Smallpox is currently contained in two high security labs (United States and Russia). Rated among the most dangerous of all potential biological weapons.
Shared modes of protection against poxvirus infection by attenuated and conventional smallpox vaccine viruses
Trying to develop a safer vaccine due to a more immunocompromised population of individuals (ie. AIDS, chemotherapy for cancer, organ transplant). Used modified vaccinia Ankara and NYVAC replication-deficient vaccinia viruses If vaccine is present at time of virulent strain, then the antibody is sufficient to protect the host and T cells are not necessary. If no prior immunity, then T cells and antibodies must both respond. T cells are more efficient & clear infection better than antibodies.
QUIZ!!!!
Resources
www.cdc.gov. The New Mexico Epidemiology Report,Volume 2003, Number 4. Ward, Brian., Epidemic. New York, Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc., 2000 Prescott, Lansing M., John P. Harley, Donald A. Klein, Microbiology, New York, McGraw-Hill 2002 http://dermatology.about.com/cs/smallpox/a/sma llpoxhx.htm www.aafp.org/afp/ 20030901/889.html
Resources Continued
http://www.whale.to/v/smallpox1.html http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/DS/0042 4.html cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/smallpox/bi ofacts/smllpx-summary.html www.pnas.org. http://dermatology.about.com/cs/smallpox/a/sma llpoxhx.htm www.aafp.org/afp/ 20030901/889.html