KINGDOM PLANTAE

*Plants are multicellular and eukaryotic organisms.

*All plants have chloroplasts and cell wall

*However, plants differ in the presence or absence of three important structures: a vascular system, seeds, and flowers. *They go through an alternation of generations involving a diploid sporophyte and a haploid gametophyte. *Plants reproduce by sexually(by using gametes) and asexually(by vegetation)

THE MAIN PARTS OF PLANTS:

FLOWER:to produce gametes(pollen and egg cells)

LEAF:to make photosynthesis To produce food

NODE:is a place to originate leaf INTERNODE:to support stem and To carry leaves STEM:to carry all shoot system and to transport materials ROOTS:to attach plant to the ground and also to absorb minerals and water

SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES IN PLANTS:

1.Vascular Tissue 2. Seeds 3. Flowers 4. Roots 5. Leaves

THE BASIC PARTS OF PLANTS

1.VASCULAR TISSUE
*to transport water,minerals,food and other materials within a plant There are two types of vascular tissues in plants :

A-XYLEM *carries water and minerals *consists of non-living cells and tracheid cells *carries materials from the roots to the leaves

B-PHLOEM *carries food (sugar,protein,lipid) *consists of living cells and sieve tube cells *carries materials from the leaves to the roots

VASCULAR TISSUES IN PLANTS

*There are two types of plants according to presence of vascular tissue:

1.Vascular plants: Plants that have a vascular tissues For example:Woody plants

2.Non-Vascular plants: Plants that have no vascular tissues For example: Mosses

2.SEED
*is a structure that contains the embryo of a plant. *An embryo is an early stage in the development of plants Advantages of Seed: 1.The seed coat protects the embryo from drying out, injury, and disease. 2. Most kinds of seeds store a supply of nutrients. 3. Seeds disperse the offspring of seed plants. 4. Seeds make it possible for plant embryos to survive through unfavorable periods such as droughts.

FORMATION OF SEED IN FLOWER

THE BASIC PARTS OF SEEDS

1.

2.

3.FLOWER

* is a reproductive structure that produces pollen,seeds and fruits.

THE STRUCTURES OF A FLOWER

Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in plants, thereby enabling fertilisation and sexual reproduction. Pollen grains transport the male gametes (sperm) to where the female gamete(s) are contained within the carpel.

POLLINATION

THE STRUCTURE OF A POLLEN

THE FORMATION OF POLLEN GRAIN

pollens

Fruit-seed

Ovules-egg cells

Anther-pollens

Seeds in cones

pollens

POLLINATORS

*Pollens are carried by insects,by wind,by water and even by people

Animals Wind Water People

4. Roots *Roots anchor the plant in the soil. *Roots absorb water, minerals and salts from the soil. *Roots may store food. *Roots form a passage way for water and dissolved substances

A taproot is the main tapering often bulky root of a plant growing vertically downward from the stem.

In grasses and other monocots including lilies and palm plants, the root system is a fibrous root system consisting of a dense mass of slender, adventitious roots that arise from the stem.

They arise out-ofsequence from the more usual root formation of branches of a primary root

Fibrous root

Adventitious roots

TYPES OF ROOTS

(=Photosynthetic structures)

*Most leaves have a flattened portion, called the blade, that is often attached to a stem by a stalk called the petiole.
*A leaf blade may be divided into two or more sections called leaflets. *Leaves with an undivided blade are called simple leaves. *Leaves with two or more leaflets are called compound leaves.

LEAVES

Alternation of generations
*All plants go through an alternation of generations, through a diploid sporophyte(=2n chromosome) stage and a haploid gametophyte (=n chromosome) stage. *The gametophyte stage is dominant in the non-vascular plants, while the sporophyte is the dominant stage in all other land plants. *The sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis. *These spores develop into gametophytes.

*Gametophytes produce haploid gametes through mitosis which fuse with other gametes (sexual reproduction).

Alternation of generations in humans Zygote 2n=diploid Egg

Baby 2n=diploid

n=haploid
Embryo 2n=diploid

FERTILIZATION
Adult 2n=diploid

Child 2n=diploid

Sperm n=haploid

(n) (n)

(2n)
(2n)

(n)

(2n)

(n)

ALTERNATION OF GENERATION=LIFE CYCLES

II.VASCULAR PLANTS (=TRACHEOPHYTES)

CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS
I.NON-VASCULAR PLANTS (=BRYOPHYTES)
a)Bryophyta (mosses) b)Hepatophyta (liverworts) c)Anthocerophyta (hornworts)

A.Seedless plants: a) Lycophyta: (club mosses) b)Pteridophyta: (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns) B. Seed plants : 1) Gymnosperms:Non-flowering plants a)Coniferophyta (conifers) b)Cycadophyta (cycads) c)Ginkgophyta (ginkgo) d)Gnetophyta (gnetae) 2) Angiosperms:(flowering plants) a)Class:Monocots b)Class:Dicots

1. NON-VASCULAR PLANTS (= BRYOPHYTES)

*These plants lack vascular tissue. *Absence of vascular tissue limits bryophytes to moist
habitats and small size.

*Unlike all other plants, the gametophyte is the

dominant stage in bryophytes.

*During sexual reproduction, motile sperms swim

from the antheridium to eggs in an archegonium *The fertilized egg develops into a sporophyte.

*Inside the sporophyte head (sporangium), spores develop. *spores are dispersed by wind and develop into a new gametophyte.

Kinds of Nonvascular Plants 1.The mosses (phylum Bryophyta)

2.The liverworts (phylum Hepatophyta) * have no conducting cells, no cuticle, and no stomata.

3.The hornworts (phylum Anthocerophyta) are a small group of nonvascular plants and completely lack conducting cells.

LIFE CYCLE OF MOSSES

EGG CELL

NON-VASCULAR PLANTS

NONVASCULAR PLANTS

REPRODUCTION IN NONVASCULAR PLANTS

II.VASCULAR PLANTS (=TRACHEOPHYTES)

A.Seedless plants: Seedless vascular plants have a vascular system with both xylem and phloem. The sporophytes of seedless vascular plants are larger than the gametophytes. The spores of the seedless vascular plants have thickened walls that are resistant to drying.

1) Phylum Lycophyta(=Club mosses)

The club mosses have roots, stems, and leaves. Some club mosses have nongreen sporebearing leaves form a structure called a cone.

2) Phylum Pteridophyta
*The ferns are the most common and most familiar seedless vascular plants.

* Most fern sporophytes have a rhizome that is anchored by roots and leaves called fronds.

Sori

A-Ferns

FERNS AND CLUB MOSSES

FERNS=PTERIDOPHYTA

PARTS OF FERNS

B-Horsetails:
The vertical stems of horsetails, which grow from a rhizome, are hollow and have joints.

C-Whisk ferns:

B. Seed plants
1) Gymnosperms:(=Non-flowering plants) Gymnosperms are seed plants whose seeds develop within a cone.

cycads=and palmlike leaves.

Conifers=pine trees

Ginkgo= maidenhair tree

Gnetae= shrubs

NON-FLOWERING SEED PLANTS

*All gymnosperms produce seeds within cones.

conifers

ginkgo

cycads

shrubs

All seed plants produce very tiny gametophytes of two typesmale and female. The sperm of gymnosperms do not swim through water to reach and fertilize eggs. Instead, the sperms are carried to the structures that contain eggs by pollen, which can drift on the wind.

CONES

LIFE CYCLE OF NON-FLOWERING PLANTS

2) Angiosperms:(=Flowering plants)
The male and female gametophytes of angiosperms develop within flowers. Fruits protect seeds and also to promote seed dispersal. The seeds of angiosperms have a supply of stored food called endosperm at some time during their development. Botanists divide the angiosperms into two subgroups:monocots and dicots.

a) Class:Monocots
The monocots are flowering plants that produce seeds with one seed leaf (cotyledon).

RICE

CORN

ALOE VERA

MONOCOTS

b) Class:Dicots
The dicots are flowering plants that produce seeds with two seed leaves.

BEAN

TOMATO

POTATO

SEEDS IN MONOCOT AND DICOT

COMPARISION OF MONOCOTS AND DICOTS

Floral formula A floral formula is a way to represent the structure of a flower using specific letters, numbers, and symbols. Typically, a general formula will be used to represent the flower structure of a plant family rather than a particular species. The following representations are used: Ca = calyx (sepal) Ca5 = 5 sepals) Co = corolla (petal ) Co3(x) (petals some multiple of three ) A = androecium (many stamens) G = gynoecium (carpels G1 = monocarpous)

*In monocots, floral parts in 3's or 6's; floral formula example: Ca3Co3A6G1 For example :ARECACEAE (PALMAE) , Floral formula: K3, C3, A6, G3

*In dicots, floral parts mostly 4 s or 5 s. floral formula example: Ca5Co5A10 - G1

Life Cycle of an Angiosperm

*Following fertilization in an angiosperm, the zygote and the tissues of the ovule develop into a seed, which grows into a new sporophyte.

*The adult sporophytes of angiosperms produce spores by meiosis. *The fusing of three haploid (n) cells forms a triploid (3n) cell that develops into endosperm. This is a process called double fertilization.

Polar cells + sperm nucleus = endosperm(food for embryon) Egg + Sperm nucleus = Zygote
5N=FRUIT

 Plants reproduce asexually in a variety of ways that involve nonreproductive parts, such as stems, roots, and leaves.

The reproduction of plants from these parts is called vegetative reproduction.

Many of the structures by which plants reproduce vegetatively are modified stems, such as runners, bulbs, corms, rhizomes, and tubers.

*Growing new plants from seed or from vegetative parts is called plant propagation. *Rhizomes, roots, and tubers can be cut or broken into pieces with one or more buds that can grow into new shoots. *In another technique called tissue culture, pieces of plant tissue are placed on a sterile medium and used to grow new plants.

Stems Modified for Vegetative Reproduction

Methods of Vegetative Plant Propagation