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Hydrologic Routing

Reading: Applied Hydrology Sections


8.1, 8.2, 8.4
2
Flow Routing
Procedure to
determine the flow
hydrograph at a
point on a
watershed from a
known hydrograph
upstream
As the hydrograph
travels, it
attenuates
gets delayed
Q
t
Q
t
Q
t
Q
t
3
Why route flows?

Account for changes in flow hydrograph as a flood wave passes
downstream
This helps in
Accounting for storages
Studying the attenuation of flood peaks
Q
t
Watershed Drainage area of a point on a stream
Connecting rainfall input with streamflow output
Rainfall
Streamflow
Flood Control Dams
Dam 13A
Flow with a Horizontal Water Surface
Floodplain Zones
1% chance
< 0.2% chance
Main zone of water flow
Flow with a Sloping Water Surface
7
Types of flow routing
Lumped/hydrologic
Flow is calculated as a function of time alone at a
particular location
Governed by continuity equation and
flow/storage relationship
Distributed/hydraulic
Flow is calculated as a function of space and time
throughout the system
Governed by continuity and momentum
equations
8
Hydrologic Routing
Inflow ) ( = t I Outflow ) ( = t Q
Upstream hydrograph Downstream hydrograph
) ( ) ( t Q t I
dt
dS
=
Input, output, and storage are related by continuity equation:
Discharge
Inflow
) (t I
Discharge
Outflow
) (t Q
Transfer
Function
Q and S are unknown
Storage can be expressed as a function of I(t) or Q(t) or both
) , , , , , (
dt
dQ
Q
dt
dI
I f S =
For a linear reservoir, S=kQ
9
Lumped flow routing
Three types
1. Level pool method (Modified Puls)
Storage is nonlinear function of Q
2. Muskingum method
Storage is linear function of I and Q
3. Series of reservoir models
Storage is linear function of Q and its time
derivatives
10
S and Q relationships
11
Level pool routing
Procedure for calculating outflow hydrograph
Q(t) from a reservoir with horizontal water
surface, given its inflow hydrograph I(t) and
storage-outflow relationship
12
Level pool methodology
1 + j
I
Discharge
Time
Storage
Time
j
I
1 + j
Q
j
Q
1 + j
S
j
S
t j A + ) 1 ( t jA
t A
Inflow
Outflow
) ( ) ( t Q t I
dt
dS
=
}

}
=
}
A +
A
A +
A
+ t j
t j
t j
t j
j
S
j
S
Qdt Idt dS
) 1 ( ) 1 ( 1
2 2
1 1 1 j j j j j j
Q Q I I
t
S S +

+
=
A

+ + +
j
j
j j j
j
Q
t
S
I I Q
t
S

A
+ + = +
A
+ +
+
2 2
1 1
1
Unknown Known
Need a function relating
Q Q
t
S
and ,
2
+
A
Storage-outflow function
13
Level pool methodology
Given
Inflow hydrograph
Q and H relationship

Steps
1. Develop Q versus Q+ 2S/At relationship using
Q/H relationship
2. Compute Q+ 2S/At using
3. Use the relationship developed in step 1 to get Q
j
j
j j j
j
Q
t
S
I I Q
t
S

A
+ + = +
A
+ +
+
2 2
1 1
1
14
Ex. 8.2.1
Given I(t)
Time Inflow
(min) (cfs)
0 0
10 60
20 120
30 180
40 240
50 300
60 360
70 320
80 280
90 240
100 200
110 160
120 120
130 80
140 40
150 0
160 0
170 0
180 0
190 0
200 0
210 0
Given Q/H
Elevation H Discharge Q
(ft) (cfs)
0 0
0.5 3
1 8
1.5 17
2 30
2.5 43
3 60
3.5 78
4 97
4.5 117
5 137
5.5 156
6 173
6.5 190
7 205
7.5 218
8 231
8.5 242
9 253
9.5 264
10 275
0
100
200
300
400
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (min)
I
n
f
l
o
w

(
c
f
s
)
Area of the reservoir = 1 acre, and outlet diameter = 5ft
15
Ex. 8.2.1 Step 1
Develop Q versus Q+ 2S/At relationship using Q/H relationship
Elevation H Discharge Q Storage S 2S/t + Q
(ft) (cfs) (ft
3
) (cfs)
0 0 0 0
0.5 3 21780 75.6
1 8 43560 153.2
1.5 17 65340 234.8
2 30 87120 320.4
2.5 43 108900 406
3 60 130680 495.6
3.5 78 152460 586.2
4 97 174240 677.8
4.5 117 196020 770.4
5 137 217800 863
5.5 156 239580 954.6
6 173 261360 1044.2
6.5 190 283140 1133.8
7 205 304920 1221.4
7.5 218 326700 1307
8 231 348480 1392.6
8.5 242 370260 1476.2
9 253 392040 1559.8
9.5 264 413820 1643.4
10 275 435600 1727
3
780 , 21 5 . 0 43560 ft Height Area S = = =
cfs Q
t
S
6 . 75 3
60 10
21780 2 2
= +

= +
A
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 500 1000 1500 2000
2S/At + Q (cfs)
O
u
t
f
l
o
w

Q

(
c
f
s
)
16
Step 2
Compute Q+ 2S/At using
j
j
j j j
j
Q
t
S
I I Q
t
S

A
+ + = +
A
+ +
+
2 2
1 1
1
At time interval =1 (j=1), I
1
= 0, and therefore Q
1
= 0 as the reservoir is empty
( )
|
.
|

\
|

A
+ + =
|
.
|

\
|
+
A
1
1
1 2 2
2
2 2
Q
t
S
I I Q
t
S
Write the continuity equation for the first time step, which can be
used to compute Q
2
( ) 60 60 0
2 2
1
1
1 2 2
2
= + =
|
.
|

\
|

A
+ + =
|
.
|

\
|
+
A
Q
t
S
I I Q
t
S
17
Step 3
Use the relationship between 2S/At + Q versus Q to
compute Q
60
2
2
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
A
Q
t
S
Elevation H Discharge Q Storage S 2S/t + Q
(ft) (cfs) (ft
3
) (cfs)
0 0 0 0
0.5 3 21780 75.6
1 8 43560 153.2
1.5 17 65340 234.8
2 30 87120 320.4
2.5 43 108900 406
3 60 130680 495.6
3.5 78 152460 586.2
4 97 174240 677.8
4.5 117 196020 770.4
5 137 217800 863
5.5 156 239580 954.6
6 173 261360 1044.2
6.5 190 283140 1133.8
7 205 304920 1221.4
7.5 218 326700 1307
8 231 348480 1392.6
8.5 242 370260 1476.2
9 253 392040 1559.8
9.5 264 413820 1643.4
10 275 435600 1727
Use the Table/graph created in Step 1 to compute Q
What is the value of Q if 2S/At + Q = 60 ?
cfs Q 4 . 2 ) 0 60 (
) 0 76 (
) 0 3 (
0 =

+ =
So Q
2
is 2.4 cfs
Repeat steps 2 and 3 for j=2, 3, 4 to compute
Q
3
, Q
4
, Q
5
..
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 500 1000 1500 2000
2S/At + Q (cfs)
O
u
t
f
l
o
w

Q

(
c
f
s
)
18
Ex. 8.2.1 results
j
j
j j j
j
Q
t
S
I I Q
t
S

A
+ + = +
A
+ +
+
2 2
1 1
1
j j
j
j
j
Q Q
t
S
Q
t
S
2
2 2
+
A
=
A
19
Ex. 8.2.1 results
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
TIme (minutes)
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e

(
c
f
s
)
Inflow
Outflow
Peak outflow intersects with the receding
limb of the inflow hydrograph
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Time (minutes)
S
t
o
r
a
g
e

(
a
c
r
e
-
f
t
)
Outflow
hydrograph
20
Q/H relationships
http://www.wsi.nrcs.usda.gov/products/W2Q/H&H/Tools_Models/Sites.html
Program for Routing Flow through an NRCS Reservoir
Hydrologic river routing (Muskingum
Method)
Wedge storage in reach
I
Q
Q
Q
Q I
Advancing
Flood
Wave
I > Q
I
I
I Q
I
Q
Receding
Flood
Wave
Q > I
KQ S =
Prism
) (
Wedge
Q I KX S =
K = travel time of peak through the reach
X = weight on inflow versus outflow (0 X 0.5)
X = 0 Reservoir, storage depends on outflow, no
wedge
X = 0.0 - 0.3 Natural stream
) ( Q I KX KQ S + =
] ) 1 ( [ Q X XI K S + =
22
Muskingum Method (Cont.)
] ) 1 ( [ Q X XI K S + =
]} ) 1 ( [ ] ) 1 ( {[
1 1 1 j j j j j j
Q X XI Q X XI K S S + + =
+ + +
t
Q Q
t
I I
S S
j j j j
j j
A
+
A
+
=
+ +
+
2 2
1 1
1
j j j j
Q C I C I C Q
3 2 1 1 1
+ + =
+ +
t X K
t X K
C
t X K
KX t
C
t X K
KX t
C
A +
A
=
A +
+ A
=
A +
A
=
) 1 ( 2
) 1 ( 2
) 1 ( 2
2
) 1 ( 2
2
3
2
1
Recall:
Combine:
If I(t), K and X are known, Q(t) can be calculated using above
equations
23
Muskingum - Example
Given:
Inflow hydrograph
K = 2.3 hr, X = 0.15, At = 1 hour,
Initial Q = 85 cfs
Find:
Outflow hydrograph using
Muskingum routing method
Period Inflow
(hr) (cfs)
1 93
2 137
3 208
4 320
5 442
6 546
7 630
8 678
9 691
10 675
11 634
12 571
13 477
14 390
15 329
16 247
17 184
18 134
19 108
20 90

5927 . 0
1 ) 15 . 0 1 ( 3 . 2 * 2
1 ) 15 . 0 1 ( * 3 . 2 * 2
) 1 ( 2
) 1 ( 2
3442 . 0
1 ) 15 . 0 1 ( 3 . 2 * 2
15 . 0 * 3 . 2 * 2 1
) 1 ( 2
2
0631 . 0
1 ) 15 . 0 1 ( 3 . 2 * 2
15 . 0 * 3 . 2 * 2 1
) 1 ( 2
2
3
2
1
=
+

=
A +
A
=
=
+
+
=
A +
+ A
=
=
+

=
A +
A
=
t X K
t X K
C
t X K
KX t
C
t X K
KX t
C
24
Muskingum Example (Cont.)
j j j j
Q C I C I C Q
3 2 1 1 1
+ + =
+ +
Period Inflow C1Ij+1 C2Ij C3Qj Outflow
(hr) (cfs) (cfs)
1 93 0 0 0 85
2 137 9 32 50 91
3 208 13 47 54 114
4 320 20 72 68 159
5 442 28 110 95 233
6 546 34 152 138 324
7 630 40 188 192 420
8 678 43 217 249 509
9 691 44 233 301 578
10 675 43 238 343 623
11 634 40 232 369 642
12 571 36 218 380 635
13 477 30 197 376 603
14 390 25 164 357 546
15 329 21 134 324 479
16 247 16 113 284 413
17 184 12 85 245 341
18 134 8 63 202 274
19 108 7 46 162 215
20 90 6 37 128 170

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Time (hr)
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e

(
c
f
s
)
C
1
= 0.0631, C
2
= 0.3442, C
3
= 0.5927
HEC-HMS Model of Brushy Creek
Dam 7
Walsh Dr
Watershed
W1820
Junction J329
W1820
R580
J329
W1820
J329
Reach
R580

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