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CONTENTS
The Modern View of Atomic Structure The Periodic Table Molecules and Molecular Compounds Ions and Ionic Compounds Naming of Compounds
Learning Outcomes
Able to differentiate between ions, molecules, ionic and molecular compound. Able to name compounds and write their formulas
Masses of neutron, proton and electron are so small, that we define as the atomic mass unit, amu. 1 amu = 1.66054 10-24 g 1 g = 6.02214 1023 amu
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Halogens F, Cl, Br, I, At Noble gases (or rare gases) He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
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C 12 C 13 C 14 C
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6 6 6 6
5 6 7 8
An atom of a specific isotope is called a nuclide. E.g: 21H nuclide (deuterium), 31H nuclide (tritium)
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Various models are used to visualize the 3-D shape of the molecule:perspective drawing, ball and stick model or space-filling model.
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H C H H H
Ball-and-stick drawing
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a charged particle called an ion is formed. - Ion with positive charge is called cation. - Ion with negative charge is called anion.
Ionic compound is a chemical compound in which ions are held together in a lattice structure by ionic bonds ( positively charged portion consists of metal cation and the negatively charged portion is an anion or polyatomic ion
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In general, metal atoms tend to lose electrons and nonmetal atoms gain electrons. When molecules lose or gain electrons, polyatomic 2- (e.g. SO 2- , NO -). ions are formed 4 3 3 20
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The number of electrons an atom loses is related to its position on the periodic table.
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metal
Monoatomic anions Polyatomic anions containing O - ate, - ite Per.-ate, -ate, -ite, hypo.-ite Prefix hydrogen or 28 dihydrogen
One oxidation state More than one oxidation state Polyatomic non-metals
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Cu+ cuprous ion ; Cu2+ cupric ion Fe2+ ferrous ion ; Fe3+ ferric ion
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CO32 carbonate ion HCO3 hydrogen carbonate or (bicarbonate) ion PO43 phosphate ion H2PO4 dihydrogen phosphate ion
Note: Each H+ reduces the negative charge.
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The monoatomic ions of group 6A always have a 2 charge: E.g: O2(oxide) and S2 (sulfide)
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followed by the anion name: BaBr2 : barium bromide Cu(ClO4)2 : copper (II) perchlorate K2SO4 : potassium sulfate FeCl3 : Charge of Fe is 3+, anion is Cl: Iron (III) chloride
Note: Parentheses followed by the appropriate subscript are used when a compound contains two ore more polyatomic anions.
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H+ ions to totally neutralize or balance the anions charge. E.g. SO42- ion requires two H+ ions to form H2SO4. The names of acids are related to the names of anions, whose names end in -ide, -ate, -ite: -ide becomes hydro.- ic acid -ite.becomes -ous acid -ate becomes .-ic acid
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dinitrogen tetroxide nitrogen trifluoride tetraphosphorus decasulfide sulfur dioxide sulfur trioxide nitrogen dioxide
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B2 H 4 diborane H2S hydrogen sulfide CH4 methane SiH4 silane NH3 ammonia
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2.5.7 Hydrates
Hydrates - compounds that have a specific number of
water molecules attached to them. E.g. CuSO4.5H2O - Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate The water molecules can be removed by heating.
When this occurs, the resulting compound is CuSO4 called anhydrous copper (II) sulfate.
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Exercise 2.1
Name the following compounds:
(a) CaSO4 (b) PF5 (c) KBr (d) KHSO4 (e) Na2S (f) H2SO4 (g) CO (h) HClO4 (i) NaClO3
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Exercise 2.2
Give the systematic names for the formulas or the formulas for the names of the following compounds: a) Tin (II) fluoride b) CrI3 c) Ferric oxide d) MnS e) Lead (IV) oxide f) FeBr2
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Exercise 2.3
Explain what is wrong with the name or formula in the second part of each statement and correct it: a) SF4 is monosulfur pentafluoride b) Dichlorine heptaoxide is Cl2O6
END of CHAPTER 2
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