2.

WHAT IS CELL ?

1665 , Robert Hooke: - first person to study cells. - used microscope to study plant cells. - cell means a small room. - examining pieces of cork under the microscope. All living things animals, plants and humans consist of cells. Cells are tiny microscopic.

CELL

Definition : Basic unit of life. Function : To carry out life processes. Characteristics : 1) very small (1m = 10-6m) 2) tiny 3) different sizes 4) different shapes (round, oblong, square etc)

MICROSCOPE

Help to look at cells and to study the general structure of a cell

EYEPIECE

COARSE FOCUS

Used to move the lens closer to focus Lens you look through to observe specimens. FINE FOCUS on the specimen. The magnification around X10. OBJECTIVE LENS Used to move the objective lens closer to Lens that magnifies the specimen. the specimen in small degrees. The magnification of a microscope can be changed by rotating a different objective lens into place. Magnification is often X4, X10 or x40. hold the slide in place. CLIPS STAGE Controls the amount of light that goes DIAPHRAGM The slide with the through specimen isspecimen. placed. the Reflects light from a light source. MIRROR Stabilities the microscope. BASE

ANOTHER MICROSCOPE

LIGHT MICROSCOPE

ANOTHER MICROSCOPE

LIGHT MICROSCOPE

ANOTHER MICROSCOPE

LIGHT MICROSCOPE

ANOTHER MICROSCOPE

MONOCULAR BIOLOGICAL MISCROSCOPE

ANOTHER MICROSCOPE
IMAGE FROM ELECTRON MISCROSCOPE

ELECTRON MISCROSCOPE

EYEPIECE COARSE FOCUS KNOB

Lens you look through to observe specimens. The magnification around X10. Used to move the lens closer to focus on the specimen.

Used to move the objective lens closer to the specimen FINE FOCUS KNOB in small degrees. Lens that magnifies the specimen. The magnification of a microscope can be changed by rotating a different objective lens into place. Magnification is often X4, X10 or x40. The slide with the specimen is placed. hold the slide in place. Controls the amount of light that goes through the specimen. Reflects light from a light source. Stabilities the microscope.

OBJECTIVE LENS

STAGE
CLIP DIAPHRAGM MIRROR BASE

Place the microscope on a flat surface in a well-lit place.

Turn the low-power objective lens until it is directly above the hole in the stage Raise the condenser to its highest position. Adjust the opening of the diaphragm to the maximum to allow as much light as possible to enter. Look through the eyepiece. Adjust the mirror to obtain a bright field of view. Place a slide with the specimen onto the stage and clip to hold it in stage. Start it with a low magnification. Turn the coarse focus knob clockwise to move the body tube down until it almost touches the slide. Look through the eyepiece. Turn the coarse focus knob anticlockwise to move the body tube up, until the image of the specimen can be seen clearly Turn the fine focus knob to obtain a sharp image.

The General Structure Of An Onion Cell

1. Carefully peel off the inner epidermal layer of an onion scale leaf using a razor blade and a pair of forceps. 2. Place it on a glass slide. Add a drop of iodine solution to it. 3. Use the needle to carefully lower the cover slip onto the inner epidermal layer of the onion. 4. Use some filter paper to absorb any excess iodine. 5. Look at the onion cells through the microscope. 6. Draw the structure of one onion cell. 7. Identify and label the following structures of the cell : cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, protoplasm, nucleus and cell vacuoles.

1) Peel off a layer of epidermis

4) Use a piece of filter paper to absorb excess iodine solution.

2) Add a drop of iodine solution.

5) A prepared slide of onion epidermal cells

3) Cover the onion cells with a cover slip.

PLANT CELL
Cell wall are found only in plant cells. The cell This part of the cell looks like jelly. It wall is made up of cellulose. Its function is to is colorless. This is where support and maintain the shape of the cell. chemical processes take place. Animal cells do not have cell walls. CYTOPLASM

CELL WALL

These are found only in plant cells. They are The nucleus all tiny. They have controls green pigment-chlorophyll -to NUCLEUS CHLOROPLAST Vacuoles are where water and cell activities. absorb sunlight . Sunlight is used in dissolved minerals are stored . process photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the VACUOLE Vacuoles in plant cells arefood big.. In by which plants make CELL CELL This is the thin layer surrounding the cell. The cell some animal cells there are small MEMBRANE membrane controls theanimal movement of not vacuoles . Most cells do substances in andany outvacuoles. of the cell. have

ANOTHER PLANT CELL

ANOTHER PLANT CELL

PLANT CELL
CELL WALL CELL MEMBRANE

CYTOPLASM
NUCLUES

VACUOLES

CHLOROPLASTS

The General Structure Of An Animal Cell

1. Put a drop of methylene blue on a glass slide. 2. Carefully scrape the inside of your cheek with the blunt end of a toothpick. 3. Place the scrapings on the glass slide. Add a drop water. 4. Gently lower the cover slip onto the glass slide. 5. Absorb excess methylene blue with some filter paper. 6. Look at the slide using low power lens.

7. Draw the structure of a cheek cell that you observe under the microscope. .
8. Identify and label the following structures of the cell : cell membrane, cytoplasm, protoplasm and nucleus.

1) Place the cheek cells on a glass slide

4) Use a piece of filter paper to absorb excess methylene blue solution.

2) Add methylene blue to stain the cells.

5) A prepared slide of the cheek cells

3) Cover the cheek cells with a cover slip.

ANIMAL CELL
This part of the cell looks like jelly. It is colorless. This is where chemical processes take place. The nucleus controls all cell activities.

CYTOPLASM

NUCLEUS

This is the thin layer surrounding the cell. The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

CELL MEMBRANE

ANOTHER ANIMAL CELL

ANOTHER ANIMAL CELL

ANIMAL CELL
CYTOPLASM NUCLUES

VACUOLES

CELL MEMBRAN

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL CELLS AND PLANT CELL

This is the thin layer surrounding the cell. The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

CELL MEMBRANE

CYTOPLASM

This part of the cell looks like jelly. It is colorless. This is where chemical processes take place.

NUCLUES

The nucleus controls all cell activities. Vacuoles are where water and dissolved minerals are stored. Vacuoles in plant cells are big. In some animal cells there are small vacuoles. Most animal cells do not have any vacuoles.

VACUOLES

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL CELLS AND PLANT CELL

These are found only in plant cells. They are tiny. They have green pigment-chlorophyll-to absorb sunlight. Sunlight is used in photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make food.

CHLOROPLASTS

CELL WALL

Cell wall are found only in plant cells. The cell wall is made up of cellulose. Its function is to support and maintain the shape of the cell. Animal cells do not have cell walls.

UNICELLULAR

Living things with only ONE cell

EXAMPLE :

CHARACTERISTICS OF UNICELLULAR

TINY

KNOWN AS UNICELLULAR MICROORGANISMS

LIVE IN WET PLACES : SEAS, PONDS, DRAINS

ONLY CAN BE SEEN WITH A MICROSCOPE

HAVE DIFFERENT BODY SHAPE

MULTICELLULAR

Living things consist of MANY cell

EXAMPLE :

CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTICELLULAR

SPIROGYRA

Consists many cells joined together. Forms long filaments or threads. Cell in the filaments are SAME size and shape.

MUCOR

Consists of MANY filaments.

HYDRA

Has a wall consisting of two different cell layer

Cell Have Different Function?

Really?

Lets us check it out!!!!!!

There are more than 200 different types of cells in the human body. These cells have different shapes and have different structures to carry out different functions.

They are called SPECIALISED CELL.

Nerve Cell
Function :
To send information because it have a fibers

Red Blood Cell

Function :
Carry an oxygen

White Blood Cell

Function :
Destroy bacteria that enter the body and protect the body from infections

Muscle Cell
Function :
Enable movement of body part

ORGANISATION CELL
From Cell To Tissue

Cells are organised into GROUPS to performs vital

function is called TISSUE. Each cell in a tissue carries out the SAME FUNCTION. From Tissue To Organ

A few different types of tissues from an organ. An organ carries out a SPECIFIC LIFE PROCESS. Example : Heart made up of muscular tissue, nervous tissue and connecting tissue. - pumps blood to all parts of body. Another example : lungs, stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys, skin, reproductive organ.

ORGANISATION CELL
From Organ To System

A few organs form a system. A system carries out a function. System ensure that our bodies function normally.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Function : Digests different classes of food so that the nutrients can be absorbed easily by the body

ORGANISATION CELL
BLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Function : Transports oxygen and food to all parts of the body. Transports excretory products