Chapter 3

Telecommunication Architectures and Standard

Agenda
Network architectures & standards Standard-making organizations Pros and cons of standards Open System Interconnection Model (OSI) TCP/IP Manufacturer architecture Pros and cons of architecture

Network Architectures
Design principles for
Functions Data format Procedures

Describe what

Communication Standards
Rules for compatibility Specify how

Needs for Architectures and Standards

Complex communication systems Maintenance and future growth Connectivity between network devices Distributed processing systems Diagnostic and performance management

Standards-Making Organizations
International Telecommunications UnionTelecommunication Standardization Section (ITUT) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) American National Standard Institute (ANSI) Electrical Industries Association (EIA) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)

Standards
V.
Connection of digital equipment to telephone analog line

X.
Connection of digital equipment to telephone digital line X.400
Allow communication between incompatible electronic mail systems

X.500
Create and maintain a directory of e-mail users and their network addresses

Pros and Cons of Standards

Pros
Compatibility between vendors Fewer products

Cons
Slow processing Obsolescence Freezing technology Discouraging innovation

Open System Interconnection Model

International Organization for Standardization Interconnection of Dissimilar Network Seven Layers
Application Presentation Session Control Transport Control Network Control Data Link Control Physical Link Control

Application Layer
Determine data to be send at originating end Process data at receiving end

Presentation Layer
Change data format Compression/expansion Encryption/decryption

Session Control Layer

Communication rules Rate of transmission Accounting functions

Transport Control Layer

Identify receiving address Calculate and check checksum of entire message

Network Control Layer

Route message Dissemble and assemble data (transmission unit) Accounting functions

Data Link Control Unit

Determine line usage Establish link between two ends Detect and correct transmission error Add header and trailer Divide data unit for transmission

Physical Link Control Layer

Hardware specification Electrical characteristics

TCP/IP Protocol
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Advanced Research Project Agency ARPANET

TCP/IP Structure
Application layer
User application

Transport layer (TCP protocol)

Communication, error-checking procedure

Internet layer (IP protocol)

Routing

Network access layer

Connection

Physical
Physical & electrical interface

Manufacturers Architecture
Objectives
Base for future products Control customers

Types
IBM: Systems Network Architecture (SNA) Digital Equipment Corporation: Digital Network Architecture (DNA)

Pros and Cons of Layered Architectures

Pros
Modularize structure for simplify maintenance Specify interfaces for easy change & future growth

Cons
Complex Rules Cost of sophisticated intelligence Complex software

Points to Remember
Network architectures & standards Standard-making organizations Pros and cons of standards Open System Interconnection Model (OSI) TCP/IP Manufacturer architecture Pros and cons of architecture

Discussion
What are your thoughts on selecting network equipment for an organization?