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Learning objective: 1. Understanding the importance of having transport system in some multicellular organisms 2. Synthesise the concept of the circulatory system 3. Understanding the mechanism of blood clotting 4. Synthesise the concept of the lymphatic system 5. Understanding the role of the circulatory system in the bodyd defence mechanism 6. Appreciate a healthy cardiovasular system 7. Understanding the transport of substances in plants 8. Synthesise the concept of the transport of substances in plants
1.1 The importance of having a transport system in some multicellular organisms Learning outcomes: 1. Identify the problems that could be faced by multicellular organisms in obtaining their cellular requirements and getting rid of waste product 2. Suggest how these problems are overcome in multicellular organisms
Transport
To describe how the substance in our body move from one part to the other part Transport process varies in different types of organism
Multicellular organisms
Ex? The TSA/V ration decreases Cells often located away from external surface of the body Diffusion rate also decrease which is a limiting factor to cellular activities in large animals These organism have specialized structure to increase surface area ( alveolus) They also need circulatory system to
Distribute nutrients and oxygen Remove waste product
exercise
Examine cuboid A and B. Calculate the TSA/V of both cuboids. Assume that the cuboids are two organisms. Which organisms obtain their cellular requirement (O2 and nutrients) and removing their waste product( co2 and urea) easily? Why?
Assignments
1. Why does unicellular organisms can undergoes diffusion process to transport their nutrients and waste products while multicellular organisms cannot? Elaborate your answer by giving suitable explanation.
( 8 marks)
Transporting substances around the body. These include oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide, nutrients, water and waste products.
2.
3.
Protecting the body. Blood contains cells and anti-bodies that fight infection and clotting agents to stop bleeding.
Blood
Blood is the bodys means of transporting substances around. It transports:
oxygen from the lungs to the heart and then to the bodys tissues
carbon dioxide from the tissues to the heart and then to the lungs to be expired
materials like hormones from one organ to another nutrients (especially glucose) and minerals from the intestines to the tissues
1.Platelets
Platelets are also carried in the blood. Formed in red bone marrow. Produce thrombokinase a chemical needed for blood clotting. Platelets help to repair tissues and close wounds both internally and externally. When needed, they grow into irregular shapes and stick together to form a plug over the wound.
They aggregate and release factors which promote the blood coagulation.
In the other vertebrates (e.g. fishes, amphibians, reptilians and birds), they have a nucleus.
Some white blood cells surround and consume harmful microbes. Some produce chemicals called antibodies that fight infection. colorless
Each type of leukocyte is present in the blood in different proportions: neutrophil 50 - 70 % eosinophil 2 - 4 % basophil 0,5 - 1 % lymphocyte 20 - 40 % monocyte 3 - 8 %
In fact, these granules have a different affinity towards neutral, acid or basic stains and give the cytoplasm different colors. So, granulocytes distinguish themselves in neutrophil, eosinophil (or acidophil) and basophil.
Leukocytes ( WBC)
1. Granulocytes 2. A granulocytes
1. Granulocytes
Granular cytoplasm filled with microscopic granules that are little sacs containing enzymes, compounds that digest microorganisms. Lobed nuclei( kelepek) Form in bone marrow Consist of: 1. Basophils 2. Neutrophils 3. Eosinophils
Neutrophils
As a Phagocytes Which digest bacteria and dead cells By phagocytosis process
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Control allergic responses Kill parasitic worms by release enzyme.
eosinophils
Basophils
Secretes heparin to prevent blood clotting Involve in combating inflammatory and allergic reactions
basophils
In the different types of granulocytes, the granules are different and help us to distinguish them. In fact, these granules have a different affinity towards neutral, acid or basic stains and give the cytoplasm different colors. So, granulocytes distinguish themselves in neutrophil, eosinophil (or acidophil) and basophil
2. Agranulocytes
Clear cytoplasm Nuclei are not lobed( terkelepek) Consist of 1. Lymphocytes 2. monocytes
Lymphocytes are cells which, besides being present in the blood, Its populate the lymphoid tissues and organs too, as well as the lymph circulating in the lymphatic vessel. An antibody is a molecule able to bind itself to molecules of a complementary shape called antigens, and recognize them. As for all proteins, even the antibodies are coded by genes. On the basis of a recombination mechanism of some of these genes, every lymphocyte produces antibodies of a specific shape.
Lymphocytes
Produce antibodies Neutralize toxins Produce immune responses against foreign substance Largest leucocytes
Monocytes
Phagocytes Engulf digested bacteria and dead cells Origin: from bone marrow
characteristics
RBC
WBC
1. SHAPE
a) Erythrocytes are biconcave disc serves to: Increase surface area to volume ratio Increase diffusion rate of gaseous exchange b) No nucleus to gives space for great quantities of haemoglobin Has haem group Contains iron atom For the site of oxygen binding When the partial pressure of o2 is high, Haemoglobin will combine with o2 to form OXYHAEMOGLOBIN
Leucocytes have nuclei Not have haemoglobin Larger than erythrocytes Do not have fixed shaped
2.FUNCTION
Responsible for the defense of organism against disease If pathogen invade the body, number of leucocytes will increase
15 micro meter
LIFESPAN
MANUFACT URED IN
Bone marrow(granulocytes) But may migrate to thymus gland or lymph node For their growth and development stage Lymphatic system ( agranucolytes)
PLASMA
Plasma
The blood cells and platelets are suspended in a substance called plasma. Plasma is made up of:
90% water
inorganic salts(Na+, Mg2+, Cl-) glucose
antibodies
urea and other waste products plasma proteins.(ex: albumin, fibrinogen,prothrombin) Dissolved gases( oxygen and carbon dioxide) Hormones ( insulin)
The plasma is a slightly alkaline fluid, with a typical yellowish color The mineral substances are dissolved in ionic form, that is dissociated into positive and negative ions. Ex: Ca2+
plasma
Plasma can be separated from the other components of blood using a centrifuge.
1. Transport of oxygen
Transport o2 from lung/alveolus cells/ all part of body Oxygen combine with haemoglobin in erythrocytes to form = oxyhaemoglobin Oxyhaemoglobin dissociates into haemoglobin and 02 O2 then supplied for cellular respiration (ATP) Hb + O2 ---> HbO
<-------
Hydrogen carbonate ions are produced when carbon dioxide produced by tissue respiration is absorbed by blood plasma. In your lungs, hydrogen carbonate ions turn back to carbon dioxide which is excreted when you exhale.
Carbaminohaemoglobin is a combination of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin, CO2HHb, being one of the forms in which carbon dioxide exists in the blood.
5.Transport of hormones
Blood transport hormones produced by endocrine gland to the target organs Ex: insulin and glucagon carried by blood from pancreas to the liver
6. Transport of heat
Blood helps regulate body temperature by distributing heat
They are transported by the hepatic portal vein from small intestine to liver and then to the heart Other food materials are absorbed into lacteals in the villi Ex: fatty acids, glycerol , vitamin ADEK (Fat soluble susbtances) They are then transported by the lymph into the blood circulatory system via the left subclavian vein
lymph
Subclavian vein
Nutrients such as digested food and hormones diffuse from haemolymph into cells. Waste products diffuse out from cells into the haemolymph Haemolymph does not transport respiratory gases. Gaseous exchange via the tracheal system
2. Blood vessels
Consist of arteries Capillaries Veins functions: carries blood around the body
Blood vessels
There are three types of blood vessels,
blood from the heart
blood to the heart
artery
carries blood away from the heart carries blood to and from the bodys cells
vein
carries blood back into the heart
arteries Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to all parts of the body Except pulmonary artery
capillaries Sites for the exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients and wastes
Veins Transport deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body to the heart except pulmonary vein
Blood pressure: Lower than arteries Lower than arteries High blood pressure but higher than veins in arteries
One cell thickness Thinner wall Lumen is very small Lumen size is large No valve Valve present to prevent backflow of blood
arteries
capillaries
Veins
Allow rapid gaseous Allow blood from exchange between tissues to return to blood and the body the heart cells by diffusion
The ARTERY
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
The VEIN
Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards from the heart.
veins have valves which act to stop the blood from going in the wrong direction. thin muscle and elastic fibres body muscles surround the veins so that when they contract to move the body, they also squeeze the veins and push the blood along the vessel.
The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link Arterioles with Venus
they exchange materials between the blood and other body cells.
The exchange of materials between the blood and the body can only occur through capillaries.
Blood vessels
thick outer wall
thick inner layer of muscle and elastic fibres narrow central tube (lumen) ARTERY thin outer wall thin inner layer of muscle and elastic fibres VEIN
CAPILLARY
3. Heart
A heart is an organ that generates pressure to pump the blood through out the body
The human heart has four chambers: 1. Left and right Atrium (atria= plural) Upper chambers which receive blood returning to the heart Thin -walled 2. Left and right ventricles Lower chambers which pump blood out of the heart Thick walled
Septum: Separates the right chambers from the left chambers The valves: ensure that blood flows only in one direction. 1. Tricuspid valve 2. Bicuspid valve 3. Semi lunar valve
The right pump forces deoxygenated blood to the lungs The left pump forces oxygenated blood to other parts of the body
Right ventricle pumps the blood into pulmonary artery which forces the blood to the lung Left ventricle pumps the blood into aorta which forces the blood to all part of the body
Left ventricle is thicker and more muscular than the wall of the right ventricles Because it needs to generate greater pressure to pump blood to all parts of the body While the right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs only
The sino atrial node(SAN) can initiate the heartbeat on its own Sympathetic nerve carrying impulse to the heart can increase the heart rate Parasympathetic nerve can slow it down The heart rate increase when: Increase in the secretion of hormone (adrenaline) An increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood Body temperature is elevated
1.Muscle relaxed , valves closed 2.Muscles contract, upper valves open and blood is forced upwards , lower valve remain close 3. Muscles relaxed, upper valves closed, lower valve opens as a result of muscle contraction elsewhere and blood flows forwards