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Presented by
Kithsiri Samarasinghe
Forecast growth (subscribers) of fixed and mobile telephony and the Internet
: 1920
: 1946
: 1970
2nd Generation
Digital voice Digitally modulated voice channels
Better Quality Higher Capacity More Security
2nd Generation
Voice + relatively higher speed data with 2G+ enhancements
A Cell
A Small geographical region Represented as hexagons in diagrams Limited transmitter powers Assigned set of Frequencies
Coverage Area
American PCS
Narrowband 901-941 MHz Broadband Mobile to base 1850-1910MHz Base to mobile 1930-1990 MHz
JDC
Mobile to base 810-826 MHz Base to mobile 940-956 MHz Base to mobile 1429-1441 MHz Mobile to base 1477-1489 MHz
930-960MHz 890-915MHz
Frequency Reuse
Interference problems : All channels cannot be reused in every cell Ratio of the distance between areas to the transmitter power (radius) of the areas Channels (frequencies) used in one cell can be reused in another cell some distance away Frequencies used in one cell cluster can be reused in other cells
A Cluster Of Cells
A cluster is a group of cells
Number of cells in a cluster is the cluster size (n) Typical sizes are 3, 4 and 7 It define frequency reuse patterns
3 1 2 A
R (Cell radius)
C
A
A B C A B C C
B
A
A
B C
A
C
B
A
C B C
A
C
D (Reuse distance)
Reuse Ratio
Reuse ratio is the ratio between mean reuse distance(D) and cell radius(R) Reuse Ratio = ( D/R ) In the three cell cluster D = 3R.Therefore the Reuse ratio is 3 If Reuse ratio id high there will be less cochannel interference from cells that use the same set of frequencies.
N Cell Clusters
Reuse Ratio (D/R) = (3.N)
Cells with the same number have the
2 N
-30
148 Bits
GSM Freight Car !
-30
-70 10 8 10 542.8 10 8 10
-70
Time (/uS)
Timing Control
Transmission Overlaps should be avoided Gaps should be closed
Dynamic timing control needed.
Effect of Equalization
A pure sine wave signal over one time slot In MSK modulate zeros to get the pure carrier going MS can synchronize its master oscillator using this burst.
Synchronization Burst
Base station transmits to a mobile to get in order with the rest of the digital traffic. It exists,
MS is trying to get initial access to the system Goes from MS to BS to get a rough estimate on timing advance settings. Shorter burst ; Takes max cell radius into account 68.25 bits = 252 S = 75.5 km = 35 km cell radius.