Alcohol, Tobacco, and Caffeine: Daily Pleasures, Daily Challenges

Beer 10,000 years ago accident from grain? 1100 AD guild formed devoted to brewing 1722 a nourishing drink for potters and laborers created called Potter Wine 8,000 years ago 5,000 years ago the vineyards 2,000 BC - Hammurabi ruler of Babylon sets rules for the sale and purchase of wine 1,500 BC Greek god of wine Dionysus / Bacchus

Ancient Awareness
"You will conceive and bear a sonnow then

be careful to take no wine or strong drink and to eat nothing unclean".

Bible - Judges 13:3-4

Current Views
Alcohol is the number one drug of choice

among our Nations youth. Yet the seriousness of this issue does not register with the general public or policymakers.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

1 to 3 births per 1,000 world wide??

Fetal Alcohol Effect (FAE)

Characteristics Growth deficiency Learning dysfunction Nervous systems disabilities

Consumption
Have you ever drank alcohol?

Why?

Have you ever drank too much alcohol?

Health Effects
What are the pleasant effects of alcohol? The adverse effects (toxicity)?

Acute Effects

Depression of inhibitory control warm, flushed, reddish skin Emotional outbursts Decreased memory & concentration Poor judgment Decreased reflexes Decreased sexual response

Long Term Adverse Effects

Obvious

Alcoholism, death, cancer (oral cavity, esophagus, liver), fetal effects (FAS)
Cirrhosis of liver, appetite loss, poor judgment Lost productivity, impaired performance, motor impairment, cost to society

Alcoholism

Subtle

Alcohol & Cancer

Ethanol consumption increases risk of cancer

Oral Cavity Pharynx and Larynx Esophagus Liver

Gender Differences
Females have higher blood alcohol levels

than males
Males have higher stomach metabolism of

alcohol than females

Alcoholism Alcohol Dependence

Craving: A strong need, or compulsion, to drink. Loss of control: The inability to limit ones drinking on any given occasion.

Physical dependence: Withdrawal symptoms, such as nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety, occur when alcohol use is stopped after a period of heavy drinking.
Tolerance: The need to drink greater amounts of alcohol in order to get high.

Alcohol Withdrawal Effects

Tremor Nausea Irritability Agitation Hypertension Seizers Hallucinations

Alcohol and college students

70% of college students consumed alcohol in the

last year
1/2 are classified as heavy drinkers Many students have a misperception about normal

drinking behavior, and believe their peers drink more than they actually do.

1,700 students die annually due to preventable

alcohol related injuries

Binge Drinking
Dangerous to yourself and others
Consuming a large quantity of alcohol in a short

period of time increases the risk of unconsciousness, alcohol poisoning, and death
Linked to campus crime, including rape and assault Many colleges and universities trying to address the

problem
Implementing policies against drinking Offering more programs to help students with alcohol

problems

Alcoholic Beverages and Their Alcohol Equivalencies

Alcohol: Absorption and Metabolism

Absorption in stomach 20% Absorption in small intestine 80%

Factors that influence absorption Concentration of the drink Amount consumed Food in the stomach Mood

Alcohol Absorption
Wine and beer
Absorbed more slowly than distilled beverages

Carbonated alcoholic beverages (champagne and

sparkling wines)
Absorbed more quickly than non-carbonated

Carbonated beverages (soda and seltzer) and drinks

with mixers
Relax the pyloric valve and empty stomach contents into

intestines Increases rate of alcohol absorption

The more alcohol you consume, the longer absorption

takes

Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Alcohol

Consuming large amounts of alcohol in short period of

time can be lethal

Alcohol alone or mixed with another drug responsible

for more deaths due to toxic overdose than any other substance
Death caused by either central nervous system and

respiratory depression or by inhalation of vomit or fluid into the lungs

unusual breathing pattern, and cool, damp, pale or bluish skin death increases tenfold

Signs include inability to be roused, weak and rapid pulse,

If wait to call for help until person is unconscious, risk of

A normal liver and a liver with cirrhosis

Smoking
Smoking facts
Single most preventable cause of death 438,000 people die a year 50 times that of illegal drug deaths Teen smokers = 27.5%

Advertising
Spends $18 million per day Children and teens constitute 90% of new smokers

Women, minorities and college students new

targets

 Financial costs to society

$167 billion in annual health related economic losses $75.5 billion in medical expenditures

College students are smoking less

Estimated 18% reported having smoked in the past 30

days (2005)
Does tobacco appear to be a big problem on

your campus?
What efforts are made to decrease smoking?

Tobacco and Its Effects

Physiological effects of nicotine
Nicotine is the main addictive substance in tobacco Stimulates CNS Stimulates adrenal glands Increases production of adrenaline

Increases heart rate

Increases respiratory rate Constricts vessels Increases blood pressure

Tobacco and Its Effects

All tobacco products are harmful
Cigarettes Clove cigarettes Cigars Pipes

Bidis (hand-rolled, flavored cigarettes)

Spit (smokeless) tobacco Chewing tobacco Dipping Snuff

Health Hazards of Smoking

Cancers
Lung 85-90% associated with smoking Pancreatic Lip Esophagus Tongue

Cardiovascular disease
Smokers have 70% higher death rate

Stroke
Smokers are 2 times more likely to suffer

Health Hazards of Smoking

Respiratory disorders
Chronic bronchitis

Sexual dysfunction
Males are twice as likely to suffer impotence

Other problems
Gum disease

More likely to need medications

Metabolism of drugs is affected

Quitting
Breaking the nicotine addiction
70% attempt to quit a year Fewer than 5% succeed Many programs exist to help with quitting Nicotine withdrawal is experienced

Nicotine replacement products

Nicotine chewing gum Nicotine patch

Nicotine nasal spray

Nicotine inhaler

When Smokers Quit

Caffeine
Caffeine facts
Increases heart rate Increases oxygen consumption

Increases urinary output

Increases wakefulness

 Side effects
Insomnia Irregular heartbeat Dizziness Nausea Indigestion

Mild delirium
Involuntary muscle twitches

Caffeine Addiction
Drink more when coming down Caffeinism
muscle twitch

Withdrawing
May produce headaches

No long-term damage is seen with moderate use

in non-pregnant women
Have you noticed any of the signs of caffeine

addiction in yourself or friends?

Possible Health Concerns of Caffeine Use

Links to
Heart disease Cancer Mental dysfunction Birth defects

No evidence that caffeine causes long-term

high blood pressure or strokes