Computer languages

By:-
Desh Raj Bhandari
Priyanka kapoor
Shruti Sood
Jyoti Gupta
What is language?
Language is a mean of communication. We use natural
languages such as English, to communicate our ideas and
emotions to others.

Similarly, a programmer uses a computer language to

instruct a computer what he she wants to do.
Every natural language has a systematic method of using
the words and symbols in that language defined by the
grammar rules of the language. Similarly, the worlds and
symbols of a computer language must also be used as per
the set rules, known as syntax rules, of a language.
 Software Development Life Cycle

Planning Analysis

Implementation Coding

Testing
 Software Development Life Cycle
 Generally, programmers create software by using the following development
process:
 (1) Understand the software's requirements, which is a description of what the
software is supposed to do.
 (2) Create the software's specifications, a detailed description of the required tasks
and how the programs will instruct the computer to perform those tasks.
 (3) Write the code—the program instructions encoded in a particular programming
language.
 (4) Test the software to see if it works according to the specifications and possibly
submit the program for alpha testing, in which other individuals within the company
independently test the program.
 (5) Debug the program to eliminate programming mistakes, which are commonly
called bugs. (The term bug was coined in the early 1940s, when programmers
looking for the cause of a mysterious malfunction in the huge Mark I computer
discovered a moth in a vital electrical switch. Thereafter the programmers referred
to fixing programming mistakes as debugging.)
 (6) Submit the program for beta testing, in which users test the program extensively
under real-life conditions to see whether it performs correctly.
 (7) Release the product for use or for sale after it has passed all its tests and has
been verified to meet all its requirements.
 These steps rarely proceed in a linear fashion. Programmers often go back and forth
between steps 3, 4, and 5. If the software fails its alpha or beta tests, the
programmers will have to go back to an earlier step.
 Categories of programming
languages

 Machine language
 Assembly language
 High-level language
 Machine language
 Binary language i.e., in the form of 0
&1
 A machine language instruction has
two part format.
 Advantages & Limitations of
machine language
Advantages:-

 Fast execution
 No need of translation

Limitations:-

 Machine dependent
 Difficult to program
 Error prone
 Difficult to modify
 Assembly language
Assembly language was introduced in 1952 to
over come the limitations of machine language.
 Use of mnemonics codes (English like statements
like ADD SUB) instead of numeric codes for the
instructions.
 By allowing addresses of fixed storage locations
to be represented by alphanumeric names
instead of numeric addresses.
 To develop software with assembly language we
need a program translator called assembler which
converts source file into object code.
Advantages of Assembly language

 Easier to understand and use

 Easier to locate and correct errors
 Easier to modify
 Limitations of assembly language

 Machine dependent
 Knowledge of hardware required
 Machine level coding
 High-Level Language
 The first high-level language for business data
processing was called FLOW-MATIC. It was
devised in the early 1950s by Grace Hopper, a
United States Navy computer programmer.
 Designed to overcome the limitations of assembly
language.
 Do not require programmers to know the internal
structure of the computer hardware.
 Portable.
 Use of English words (PRINT,OPEN,GOTO etc.)
and mathematical symbols (Operators).
 Easy to understand.
 Language translators

 Assembler
 Compiler
 Interpreter
Assembler
Compiler
Process of removing the errors
Interpreter
 Linker
 Linker is a program used to combine
all object program files (modules) of
the software, and to convert them
into a final executable program.
 FORTRAN
 Developed in 1957 by the team led by John
Backus within the International Business
Machines (IBM) Corporation.
 FORTRAN (Formula Translation) became the
first comprehensive high-level programming
language.
 FORTRAN manipulated numbers and equations
efficiently, but it was not suited for business-
related tasks, such as creating, moving, and
processing data files .
 C language
 The language known as C is a fast
and efficient language for many
different computers and operating
systems. Programmers often use C
to write systems software, but many
professional and commercial-quality
applications also are written in C.
Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories
originally designed C for the UNIX
OS in the early 1970s.
 Support many data types so greater
flexibility.
 Modular programming feature and it
is rich in library functions.
Dennis Ritchie
 Portable.
 C++
 Developed by Bjarnj Stroustrup in
1979 at Bell Labs as an
enhancement to the C programming
language and originally named "C
with Classes", it was renamed to C+
+ in 1983. Enhancements started
with the addition of classes,
templates.
 C++ is called because it is an
operator in C, which increments
numerical value by 1. Therefore, C
language is incremented to its next
level with C++.
 Java

 Developed by Sun Microsystems.

 Used for internet based services,
consumer electronics products like
MOBILE PHONES, DVD’S, etc.
 Java comes in two variants-JRE and
Java SDK.
 4 Generation Languages
th

 Often abbreviated 4GL, fourth-generation

languages are programming languages closer to
human languages than typical high-level
programming languages. Most 4GLs are used to
access databases. All 4GLs are designed to reduce
programming effort, the time it takes to develop
software, and the cost of software development.
 LabVIEW
 PL/SQL
 SQL
REPRESENTATION
OF
NUMBER SYSTEMS
 DATA
REPRESENTATION

THERE ARE TWO BASIC TYPES OF DATA

NAMELY CHARACTERS AND
NUMBERS.
CHARACTERS INCLUDE LETTERS AND
SPECIAL SYMBOLS.FOR e.g., RAMA
THE OTHER TYPE OF DATA ARE
DECIMAL NUMBERS.FOR eg. 1234
 NUMBER SYSTEMS
NUMBER SYSTEMS ARE OF TWO TYPES:
1)NON-POSITIONAL
2)POSITIONAL
a) BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
b) OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM
c) HEXA DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
 CONVERTING FROM ONE
NUMBER SYSTEM TO ANOTHER
 DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
 STEP 1:DIVIDE THE DECIMAL NUMBER BY TWO
 STEP 2:DIVIDE THE SUCCESSIVE QUOTIENTS
BY TWO.
 STEP 3:TERMINATE THE DIVISION WHEN
QUOTIENT BECOMES ZERO
 STEP 4:THE BINARY EQUIVALENT IS GIVEN BY
SEQUENCE OF REMAINDERS.
 CONVERTING FROM ANOTHER
BASE TO DECIMAL
STEP 1:DETERMINE THE COLUMN
VALUE OF EACH DIGIT
STEP 2:MULTIPLY THE OBTAINED
VALUES BY THE DIGITS IN THE
CORRESPONDING COLUMNS
STEP 3:SUM UP THE PRODUCTS
CALCULATED IN STEP 2.THE TOTAL IS
THE EQUIVALENT VALUE IN DECIMAL.
Thank you