Exergy Analysis of Concentrated Solar Thermal System

SUHAS KARANTH 2009B3A4537P

Need for the study

Exergy analysis is used to get a clear picture of the

various losses quantitatively as well as qualitatively Solar thermal systems are fast growing and effective thermodynamic analysis is necessary Exergy analysis helps to pinpoint the irreversibilities in the system

Exergetic analysis of a solar thermal power system

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Narendra Singh, S.C. Kaushik, R.D. Misra

Exergetic analysis of a solar thermal power system

Narendra Singh, S.C. Kaushik, R.D. Misra

Exergetic analysis of a solar thermal power system

Collector subsystem Qi=(Ib.Rb+Id.Rd)W0L .N Qs= N.Ib.Rb(.)b[.Y+D0/(W0-D0)] Exi=Qi[1-(To/Ts)] Exc=Qs[1-(To/Tc)]
-absorbtivity of receiver Qi- Power received by collector system(W) - reflectivity Qs- Power absorbed by collector system(W) Ib- Solar Intensity of beam radiation(Wm-2 ) Y- Intercept factor Id- Solar Intensity of diffuse radiation(Wm-2 ) D0- Outer diameter of absorber tube(m) Exi- Exergy received by collector(W) Rb- Tilt factor of beam radiation To- Ambient temperature(K) Rd- Tilt factor of diffuse radiation Ts- Temperature of outer layer of sun(K) W0- Aperture of collector(m) Exc- Exergy absorbed by collector(W) L- Length of collector(m) Tc- Temperature of collector(K) N- No. of collectors - glass cover transmissivity Narendra Singh, S.C. Kaushik, R.D. Misra

 Exi- Exc=IR1 % exergy loss=(IR1/Exi).100 II law efficiency II,1=Exc/Exi

Receiver subsystem Exu= N. Mf [(Hfo-Hfi) - To(Sfo - Sfi)] IR2=Exc - Exu % exergy loss=(IR2/Exc).100 II,2=Exu/Exc Heat engine subsystem 1.Heat exchanger Useful exergy delivered by the thermic fluid(Exu) Exu= N. Mf [(Hfo-Hfi) - To(Sfo - Sfi)]
Exu Flow exergy Mf Mass flow rate of fluid Hfo Enthalpy of fluid out Hfi Enthalpy of fluid in Sfo Entropy of fluid out Sfi Entropy of fluid in Ex1u Useful exergy

Exergy available to the working fluid of the heat engine cycle Ex1u=Qu[1-(To/TRo)] Qu=(W0-D0).L.(FR)[Qs/((W0-D0).L)-U0.(Tfi-Ta)/(CR)] IRhx=Exu-Ex1u % exergy loss=[IRhx/Exu].100 II,b =Ex1u/Exu 2.Heat engine cycle Ex1u=Qu[1-(To/TRo)]= Exn Exergy output=net work done by the heat engine Wnet =Wt1+Wt2-Wp Exergy loss=irreversibility (IRhe)= Ex1u -Wnet Total % exergy loss=(IRhe/ Ex1u).100 II,c =Wnet/ Ex1u
Qu Useful energy delivered to the fluid in the receiver TRo - Outlet Rankine fluid temperature FR Heat removal factor U0 Overall heat transfer coefficient Tfi Inlet collector fluid temperature Ta Ambient temperature CR- Concentration ratio

A simple solar energy converting device

Exergy of solar radiation

Solar energy is not fully convertible because of its

entropy content and thus its exergy content is less than 100% Its crucial to study exergy of solar radiation in exergy analysis of solar thermal system Richard Petela, P.T. Landsberg, D.C. Spanner, S.M. Jeter are few of them developed expressions for exergy of radiation

Exergy of undiluted thermal radiation

Richard Petela used the formulae, presented by

Guggenheim (1957), for calculating entropy of radiation Guggenheims expression for entropy, energy emission and internal energy

V Enclosed space of volume (m3 ) a Universal constant(7.561*10-19 kJ m-3 K-4) c Speed of light in vacuum(m s-1) e Energy of radiation(kW m-2 ) T Temperature of surface emitting radiation S Entropy(kJK-1) s Entropy of emitted radiation kW m-2 K-1 Richard Petela

Exergy of undiluted thermal radiation

For a surface at the environment temperature To, the

first fundamental formula on the exergy b (kWm-2) of black radiation emission flux was derived

For a perfectly gray surface with emissivity

Richard Petela

Efficiency of radiation processes

Radiation to work

e - Energy efficiency W Work done by radiation (kWm-2) b Exergy of radiation (kWm-2) Maximum conversion efficiency Richard Petela

Solar Radiation-to-heat conversion

where (srd) is the solid angle in which the sun is visible from the earth, and (rd) are the angle coordinates (azimuth and declension) of directions included within the range of the solid angle in which from any point of the absorbing surface the sun surface is visible

where

b Exergy due to solar radiation in angle e Emission from sun ea Emission from absorber to environment

eo Emission from environment to absorber in angle (2-) Ta Collector temperature bq Exergy due to q

Richard Petela

Richard Petela

 Petelas derivation did not consider the absorption

and scattering phenomena of atmosphere Many other researchers have considered this fact and have performed exergy analysis

S.X. Chu, L.H. Liu

In their paper, Analysis of Terrestrial Solar

Radiation Exergy, they derive the expression for radiation exergy The analysis is based on validity of Candaus definition of spectral radiative exergy intensity The calculation of spectral radiative exergy intensity is based on the spectral radiative intensity Terrestrial spectral intensity is derived from terrestrial solar spectral irradiance SMARTS (Simple Model of the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer of Sunshine)

the spectral radiative intensity by Plancks (1959) law as

The spectral radiative entropy intensity carried by a radiation beam with spectral radiative intensity I defined by Planck (1959)

c0 Speed of light in vacuum(m s-1) kb Boltzmanns constant (J K-1) Wavelength(m) T Spectral radiation temperature(K) h Plancks constant(J s) L Spectral radiative entropy(W m-2 m-1 sr-1 K-1)

Candau s spectral radiative exergy intensity

On integrating over wavelength and solid angle, the radiative exergy flux is written as

=cosdd ={I-I0,-T0{L(I)-L0,[I0,(T0)]}}cosdd
Here is the angle between radiation beam and normal direction of the surface Spectral radiative exergy intensity(W m-2 m-1 sr-1) I0, Spectral radiative intensity of the environment(W m-2 m-1 sr-1) T0 Temperature of the environment(K) L0, Spectral radiation entropy intensity of the environment(W m-2 m-1 sr-1 K-1) Radiation exergy flux (W m-2) Solid angle of sun(sr) Angle between radiation beam and normal direction of the surface (deg)

Solar radiative exergy

Solar radiative exergy comprises of Extraterrestrial

solar radiative exergy and Terrestrial solar radiative exergy Terrestrial solar radiative exergy is the sum of direct and diffuse radiative exergy In the paper using the above equations, they have calculated both, along with energy factor They have employed SMARTS code to carry out the calculation

V. Siva Reddy, S.C. Kaushik, S.K. Tyagi

Exergetic analysis and performance evaluation of

parabolic trough concentrating solar thermal power plant (PTCSTPP) In this paper they have performed exergy analysis for the components of the solar thermal power plant system (parabolic trough collector/receiver and Rankine heat engine) To calculate radiation exergy, they have used the expression derived from Petela

The exergy flow for steady flow process of an open system is given by

i and o - Exergy associated with mass inflow and outflows are respectively W - Useful work done on/by system h0 - Methalpy as summation of enthalpy(h) The exergetic or second law efficiency is defined as

For steady state flow the exergy balance for a thermal system is given as below

Analysis on parabolic trough concentrator

The total exergetic solar power input to parabolic trough

Ib - Direct normal irradiation W - Width of parabolic trough Dco - Glass cover outside diameter L - Mirror length Nc - Number of collectors Nr - Number of rows

Nm -Number of modules - Angle of incidence s Petelas radiation exergy expression Ta Ambient temperature Ts - Apparent black body temperature of sun

The solar power absorbed Qa by receiver/absorber of solar parabolic trough collector field can be estimated by

The total exergetic solar power absorbed by the receiver/absorber

Ib- Solar beam radiation K() - Incident Angle Modifier Aa - Absorber Area r - Reflectivity of reflector g - Transmissivity of glass a - Absorptivity of absorber

IF - Intercept Factor d - shading of heat collector element f - focal length of the collector Lsc - length of the collector Ta Ambient temperature Tr Receiver temperature

The useful thermal power gain Qu by thermic fluid

The useful exergetic gain Exu by thermic fluid

Fr - Collector heat removal factor UI - Universal Heat loss coefficient Ar - Receiver Area Ti - Inlet temperature Di - Receiver inside diameter F - Collector efficiency factor

mf - Mass flow rate of working fluid Cp - Specific heat of working fluid Do - Receiver outside diameter hf - convective heat transfer coefficient Kr - Thermal conductivity of Receiver

List of references

Guggenheim, E.A., 1957. Thermodynamics. North-Holland, Amsterdam Petela, R., 1961b. Exergy of radiation of a perfect gray body. Zesz. Nauk. Pol. Sl., Energetyka 5, 3345, in Polish. Petela, R., 1964. Exergy of heat radiation. Trans. ASME, J. Heat Transfer No. 2, 187192. Parrott, J.E., 1979. A letter. Solar Energy 22 (No. 6), 572573. Planck, M., 1959. The Theory of Heat Radiation. Dover, New York. Candau, Y., 2003. On the exergy of radiation. Solar Energy 75 (3), 241247. Mayer, B., Kylling, A., 2005. The libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations description and examples of use. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, 18551877. Berk, A. et al., 1999. MODTRAN4 Users Manual. Air Force Research Lab, Hanscomb, MA. Ricchiazzi, R. et al., 1998. SBDART: a research and teaching software tool for plane-parallel radiative transfer in the Earths atmosphere. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 79 (10), 21012114. Gueymard, C., 1995. SMARTS2, Simple Model of the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer of Sunshine: Algorithms and Performance Assessment. Report FSEC-PF-27095. Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa, FL. Gueymard, C.A., 2001. Parameterized transmittance model for direct beam and circumsolar spectral irradiance. Solar Energy 71 (5), 325346. Gueymard, C.A., 2003. Direct solar transmittance and irradiance predictions with broadband models. Part I: detailed theoretical performance assessment. Solar Energy 74 (5), 355379. Gueymard, C.A., 2005. Interdisciplinary applications of a versatile spectral solar irradiance model: a review. Energy 30 (9), 1551 1576. Gueymard, C.A., 2006. Users Manual of SMARTS Code, version 2.9.5, Revised August. Gueymard, C.A., 2008. Prediction and validation of cloudless shortwave solar spectra incident on horizontal, tilted, or tracking surfaces. Solar Energy 82 (3), 260271. Petela R. Exergy of heat radiation. ASME Journal of Heat Transfer 1964; 86:187e92. Lippke F. Simulation of the part-load behaviour of a 30 MWe SEGS plant. Report No. SAND95-1293. Alburquerque, NM, USA: SNL; 1995. Duffie John A, Beckman William A. Solar engineering of thermal processes. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.; 1991.