Human Anatomy Lymphatic System

Dr. Thontowi Djauhari NS,MKes Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Lymphatic Organs
Primary lymphoid organs Bone marrow Thymus Secondary lymphoid

organs
Lymph nodes, spleen,

tonsils Aggregated lymphoid nodules (Peyers patches in ileum) Appendix

The Components of the Lymphatic System

Lymph Lymphatic Vessels Lymphatic Capillaries Lymphatic Vessels Lymphatic Trunks Lymphatic Ducts Lymphatic Organs Thymus Lymph Nodes Spleen

Figure 22.1

Lymphatic Capillaries
The lymphatic network begins with microscopic vessels called

lymphatic capillaries. closed-ended tubes that are found in most blood capillary networks similar to a blood capillary in that its wall is an endothelium

Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphatic capillaries merge

to form larger structures. Lymphatic vessels resemble small veins. both contain three tunics and both have valves Some vessels connect directly to lymphatic organs called lymph nodes.

Trunks and Ducts

Ducts: Right Lymphatic Duct Into right subclavian vein/right internal jugular junction Thoracic Duct: Into left subclavian vein/left internal jugular junction Cisterna chyli Drains most of the body

Lymph Trunks
Lymphatic collecting vessels converge Five major lymph trunks Lumbar trunks
Receives lymph from lower limbs

Intestinal trunk Receives chyle from digestive organs Bronchomediastinal trunks Collects lymph from thoracic viscera Subclavian trunks Receive lymph from upper limbs and thoracic wall Jugular trunks Drain lymph from the head and neck

Overview of the Lymph Nodes, Trunks, and Ducts

Figure 20.3

Right lymphatic duct Right subclavian vein

Left subclavian vein

Thoracic (left lymphatic) duct

Lymph capillaries converge to become collecting vessels and end up as either Thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct
Cysterna Chyli

Thymus Gland
Location behind the

sternum in the mediastinum The capsule divides it into 2 lobes Development Infant conspicuous Puberty maximum size Maturity decreases in size Function Differentiation and maturation of T cells

Tonsils
Large clusters of lymphatic cells and

extracellular matrix that are not completely surrounded by a connective tissue capsule. Consist of multiple germinal centers and have invaginated outer edges called crypts. Several groups of tonsils form a protective ring around the pharynx. pharyngeal tonsils (or adenoids) are in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx palatine tonsils (amandel) are in the posterolateral region of the oral cavity lingual tonsils are along the posterior one-third of the tongue

= adenoids

 Simple lymphoid organs

Tonsils In the mouth/pharynx

Lingual tonsil on posterior aspect of tongue Palatine = adenoids, lateral pharynx

Lymph nodules

Tubal, behind Eustachian Tubes

Ring of

Waldeyer

Tonsila pharyngica / adenoid Tonsila palatina / amandel Tonsila lingualis

Lymph Nodes
~ 500 ( 1mm to 25 mm) Bean-shaped with hilus, cortex and medulla Several afferent vessels, one efferent vessel Function: filter Popular term lymph gland is misnomer. Why? Contain lots of Lymphocytes, Macrophages and Plasma Cells Clinical application: Swollen lymph nodes

Distribution of Lymph Nodes

Cervical lymph nodes - drain head and neck Axillary lymph nodes - drain arms and breasts Popliteal lymph nodes - drain legs Inguinal lymph nodes - drain lower limb Thoracic lymph nodes - drain thoracic viscera Abdominal lymph nodes - drain pelvic region Intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes - drain abdominal viscera

Distribution of Lymph Nodes

Important example: Axillary Drainage

Drainage from breast and arm

The Spleen

Spleen
Largest lymphatic organ in the

body. Located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, inferior to the diaphragm and posterior to ribs 911. Deep red organ lies lateral to the left kidney and posterolateral to the stomach.
Can vary considerably in size

and weight, but typically is about 12 centimeters long and 7 centimeters wide.

 Destruction of antigens Site of B cell maturation into plasma cells Phagocytosis of bacteria and worn-out RBCs,

WBCs and platelets (recycles iron) Storage of platelets

Integration with Other Systems

Figure 2227

SUMMARY
Divisions of the lymphatic system:
lymphatic vessels (lymphatics) lymph lymphoid tissues and organs

Types of lymphocytes:
T cells B cells NK cells

Production and Distribution of Lymphocytes

Figure 225

SUMMARY
Lymphoid tissues and

organs: nodules nodes MALT (mucosa

associated lymphoid tissue)

7 nonspecific defenses: physical barriers phagocytes immunological surveillance interferons complement inflammation fever

thymus spleen

Specific defenses: cell-mediated immunity antibody mediated immunity

The 7 Nonspecific Defenses

SUMMARY
T cells and cell B cells and antibody-

mediated immunity:
antigen presentation MHCs and APCs antigen recognition

mediated immunity:
sensitization plasma cells and

CD8 T cell activation

CD4 T cell activation

memory B cells antibody structure antigenantibody complex 5 classes of immunoglobins

Lymphatic Cells
Also called lymphoid cells. Located in both the lymphatic system and the

cardiovascular system. Work together to elicit an immune response. Types of lymphatic cells are: macrophages epithelial cells dendritic cells lymphocytes

Immune Response
Some cells (B lymphocytes) produce soluble proteins

called antibodies.
bind to and immobilize the foreign or abnormal agent damaging it or identifying it to other elements of the immune

system

Other cells (T lymphocytes) attack and destroy the

antigen directly. Other cells become memory cells (B and T):

remember the past antigen encounters initiate an even faster and more powerful response should the

same antigen appear again

Lymphatic Cells
Also called lymphoid cells. Located in both the lymphatic system and the

cardiovascular system. Work together to elicit an immune response. Types of lymphatic cells are: macrophages epithelial cells dendritic cells lymphocytes

Types and Functions of Lymphocytes

T-lymphocytes (also called T-cells).

B-lymphocytes (also called B-cells). NK cells.

Migrate through the lymphatic tissues and

monitor them for the presence of antigens. Identified according to the tissue or organ where they mature:
T-lymphocytes mature in the Thymus B-lymphocytes mature in the Bone marrow

Types and Functions of Lymphocytes T-lymphocytes

Make up about 7085% of body lymphocytes. Plasma membrane contains a coreceptor that can recognize a

particular antigen. There are several types of T-lymphocytes, each with a particular kind of coreceptor. helper T-lymphocytes cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

B-Lymphocytes
Make up about 1530% of the lymphocytes in the

body. Contain antigen receptors that respond to one particular antigen and cause the production of immunoglobulins (Ig), or antibodies, that respond to that particular antigen.
the five main classes of immunoglobulins are called IgG, IgA,

IgD, IgM, and IgE. these immunoglobulins are released by the specific Blymphocytes to immobilize or neutralize specific antigens

NK Cells
Also called large granular lymphocytes. Make up the remaining small percentage of body lymphocytes. NK cells tend to have CD16 receptors. NK cells can kill a wide variety of infected cells and some

cancerous cells.