1.

2 Concept of the Circulatory System

A student is able to: state what a circulatory system is, state the three components of circulatory system in humans and animals, state the medium of transport in humans and animals, state the composition of human blood, explain the function of blood and haemolymph in transport, describe the structure of human blood vessels, explain how blood is propelled through the human circulatory system, explain briefly how blood pressure is regulated, compare and contrast the circulatory systems in the following: humans, fish and amphibians, conceptualise the circulatory system in humans.

Circulatory system in humans and animals

Circulatory system (CS) includes:
Medium fluid that flows in CS (eg: animal : blood; insects: haemolymph) Vesels arteries, veins and capillaries Pump muscular heart

Erythrocytes

Erythrocytes
Small, biconcave disc Have no nucleus Great quantities of haemoglobin (which contains iron)

(Cells become bright red)

Site of production: bone marrow Life span: 120 days Site of destruction: liver and spleen (by phagocytes) Ratio of erythrocytes to leucocytes 1000 : 1 (in normal person)

Leucocytes (White blood cells)

Erythrocytes

Leucocytes

Leucocytes (White blood cells)

Less numerous than eryhtrocytes. Have nuclei Do not have haemoglobin Larger than erythrocytes and do not have fixed shapes. Site of production : bone marrow Site of growth and development: thymus gland or lymph nodes

Cont.
Basic types of leucocytes:
Granulocytes (have granular cytoplasm and lobed nuclei)
Neutrophils Eusinophils Basophils

Agranulocytes (clear cytoplasm and no lobed)

Monocytes (largest) Lymphocytes (smallest)

1. Granulocytes
Granular cytoplasm filled with microscopic granules that are little sacs containing enzymes, compounds that digest microorganisms. Lobed nuclei( kelepek) Form in bone marrow Consist of: 1. Basophils 2. Neutrophils 3. Eosinophils

Neutrophils
As a Phagocytes Which digest bacteria and dead cells By phagocytosis process

Neutrophils

Eosinophils
Control allergic responses Kill parasitic worms by release enzyme.

eosinophils

Basophils
Secretes heparin to prevent blood clotting Involve in combating inflammatory and allergic reactions

basophils

 In the different types of granulocytes, the granules are different and help us to distinguish them. In fact, these granules have a different affinity towards neutral, acid or basic stains and give the cytoplasm different colors. So, granulocytes distinguish themselves in neutrophil, eosinophil (or acidophil) and basophil

2. Agranulocytes
Clear cytoplasm Nuclei are not lobed( terkelepek) Consist of 1. Lymphocytes 2. monocytes

 Lymphocytes are cells which, besides being present in the blood, Its populate the lymphoid tissues and organs too, as well as the lymph circulating in the lymphatic vessel. An antibody is a molecule able to bind itself to molecules of a complementary shape called antigens, and recognize them. As for all proteins, even the antibodies are coded by genes. On the basis of a recombination mechanism of some of these genes, every lymphocyte produces antibodies of a specific shape.

Lymphocytes
Produce antibodies Neutralize toxins Produce immune responses against foreign substance Largest leucocytes

Monocytes
Phagocytes Engulf digested bacteria and dead cells Origin: from bone marrow

characteristics

RBC

WBC

1. SHAPE

a) Erythrocytes are biconcave disc serves to: Increase surface area to volume ratio Increase diffusion rate of gaseous exchange b) No nucleus to gives space for great quantities of haemoglobin Has haem group Contains iron atom For the site of oxygen binding When the partial pressure of o2 is high, Haemoglobin will combine with o2 to form OXYHAEMOGLOBIN

Leucocytes have nuclei Not have haemoglobin Larger than erythrocytes Do not have fixed shaped

2.FUNCTION

Responsible for the defense of organism against disease If pathogen invade the body, number of leucocytes will increase

3. DIAMETER 8 micrometer Thickness: 2 micrometer 4.Number of 5 million/mm3 blood cell/mm3

15 micro meter

6000-10000/mm3 (Ration: 1WBC:700RBC)

LIFESPAN

120 days Destroyed by phagocytes (WBC) in the liver and spleen(limpa)

Bone marrow Rate: 2 million/ second

A few days by phagocytosis process

MANUFACT URED IN

Bone marrow(granulocytes) But may migrate to thymus gland or lymph node For their growth and development stage Lymphatic system ( agranucolytes)

Platelets

Small, irregularly shaped F(x) : blood clotting Life span: 5 -9 days

1.Platelets
Platelets are also carried in the blood. Formed in red bone marrow. Produce thrombokinase a chemical needed for blood clotting. Platelets help to repair tissues and close wounds both internally and externally. When needed, they grow into irregular shapes and stick together to form a plug over the wound.

Plasma
The blood cells and platelets are suspended in a substance called plasma. Plasma is made up of:
90% water
inorganic salts(Na+, Mg2+, Cl-) glucose

antibodies
urea and other waste products plasma proteins.(ex: albumin, fibrinogen,prothrombin) Dissolved gases( oxygen and carbon dioxide) Hormones ( insulin)

Plasma

A Centrifuge for separation

Plasma

Blood cells

Function of blood in transport

Transport oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body (form 4) Transport absorbed food materials from the digestive tract to body tissues (form 4) Transport waste products (form 4)
Eg: carbon dioxide from body tissues to the lungs Urea to the kidneys

Transport heat, hormones and water

Transport of heat, hormones & water

Body T can be regulated by blood by distributing heat from heat-producing sites (eg:muscles) to the skin. Hormones (eg:insulin & glucagon) produced by endocrine glands (pancreas) transported by blood to target organs (liver). Water is important to provide medium for biochemical reaction.

Transport of Carbon Dioxide

CO2 (from tissue)

CO2 (in bloodstream)

enzyme

CO2 + H2O

H2CO3
carbonic acid

H +

HCO3

hydrogencarbonate ion

HCO3

(In red blood cell)

(in plasma)

Function of haemolymph
Circulating blood-like fluid found in invertebrates with open-circulatory systems Tubular heart pumps the haemolymph into haemocoel. Haemolymph bathes the tissues and internal organ directly. Nutrients and hormones diffuse from haemolypmh into the cells Waste products diffuse out from the cells into haemolymph.

Structure of human blood vessels

Blood vessels : tubes that transport blood from one part to another. Arteries Capillaries Veins

Transport blood away from the heart

Transport oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery) Thick muscular wall

Connect arterioles to venules

Act as the sites for exchange of substances with the cells Thinnest wall, one cell thickness

Transport blood to the heart

Transport deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein) Thinner wall Valves present to prevent back flow of blood

No valves except semilunar No valves valves at the base of the aorta and pulmonary artery Blood flows in pulses under No pulses. Pressure lower high pressure than arteries but higher than veins

No pulses. Blood flows under lower pressure than arteries.

arteries Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to all parts of the body Except pulmonary artery

capillaries Sites for the exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients and wastes

Veins Transport deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body to the heart except pulmonary vein

Blood pressure: Lower than arteries Lower than arteries High blood pressure but higher than veins in arteries

Thick muscular wall Lumen size small No valve except aorta

One cell thickness Thinner wall Lumen is very small Lumen size is large No valve Valve present to prevent backflow of blood

arteries

capillaries

Veins

To transport blood quickly at high pressure from the heart to tissues

Allow rapid gaseous Allow blood from exchange between tissues to return to blood and the body the heart cells by diffusion

The ARTERY
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

the elastic fibres allow the artery to stretch under pressure

thick muscle and elastic fibres

the thick muscle can contract to push the blood along.

The VEIN
Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards from the heart.
veins have valves which act to stop the blood from going in the wrong direction. thin muscle and elastic fibres body muscles surround the veins so that when they contract to move the body, they also squeeze the veins and push the blood along the vessel.

The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link Arterioles with Venus
they exchange materials between the blood and other body cells.

the wall of a capillary is only one cell thick

The exchange of materials between the blood and the body can only occur through capillaries.

Blood vessels
thick outer wall
thick inner layer of muscle and elastic fibres narrow central tube (lumen) ARTERY thin outer wall thin inner layer of muscle and elastic fibres VEIN

wide central tube (lumen) wall only one cell thick

CAPILLARY

Blood vessels: valves

When blood is flowing against gravity, or when a vein is squeezed by muscle action, there is a risk that blood will flow in the wrong direction. Veins have valves to prevent backflow. backflow vein valve prevented
open blood to the heart The valves allow blood to flow in the correct direction

vein valve closed

but close if blood starts to flow in the wrong direction.

Artery, vein and capillary

How blood is propelled through the human circulatory system

Organ responsible to pump the blood : heart

Heart
located inside the thoracic cavity, between

the lungs, oriented to the left.

Size; clenched fist & weighs; 350 - 450 gm.

the wall of heart is made of cardiac muscle

and it works days and nights throughout ones life

Anatomy of the heart

Heart made up of myogenic cardiac muscles which contract and relax automatically throughout life It is not controlled by nervous system

Structure of Heart
the heart is divided into right and left halves internally by a central wall or partition called septum

heart is divided into four chambers with the

two chambers at the top of heart are atrium and the two down at the bottom called ventricles

Heart-Auricles (Atrium)
walls are relatively thin right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the venae cavae (superior vena cava and inferior vena cava) which collect blood from all parts of the body except

lungs
left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins which come from the lungs

Direction of Blood Flow from Auricles to Ventricles

Right Superior vena cava Right auricle (atrium) Left Pulmonary veins Left auricle (atrium) Left ventricle

Inferior vena cava

Right ventricle

Heart-Ventricles
have thicker and more muscular walls than the atrium right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery left ventricles pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta which takes the blood around the body

Heart-Valves
prevent blood from flowing backwards,
ensuring blood flows through the heart in only one direction there are three types of valve present in heart,

they are : Tricuspid valve, Bicuspid valve and

Semilunar valves

Tricuspid valve
-valve on the right hand side lying between

the right auricle and right ventricle has three

parts Bicuspid valve - it situates at the left hand side lying between the left auricle and left ventricle is made up of two parts

Semilunar valves

-situated at the entrances of the aorta and

the pulmonary artery. They are pocket-

shaped valves to prevent the backflow of

blood into the ventricles

 REMARKS: chordae tendineae (heart tendon) are attached between the two valves above and the muscular walls of the ventricles to prevent the one-way valves from being turned inside out.

Blood Flow from Ventricles to Other parts of the Body

To left lung To right lung Pulmonary arteries Venae cavae To head

Aorta

emilunar alves Tricuspid valve

Septum Ventricles

- prevent valves to turn inside out

To body Pulmonary veins Articles Bicuspid valve Heart tendon

Cardiac muscle

The main blood vessels

the external anatomy...the coronary arteries can be seen clearly

Structure of the human heart

How does the heart beat?

SAN and AVN

Electrical signal begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node: "natural pacemaker." causes the atria to contract. Blood is then forced into the ventricles The signal then passes through the atrioventricular (AV) node. sends the signal to the ventricles via the bundle of His causes the ventricles to contract. And pump the blood out of the heart

 Right ventricle pumps the blood into pulmonary artery which forces the blood to the lung Left ventricle pumps the blood into aorta which forces the blood to all part of the body

The Conduction System

What is the cardiac cycle?

Cardiac cycle is the series of events that occur during one complete heartbeat Including contraction (systole) and relaxation ( diastole) of both atria and ventricles

 The sino atrial node(SAN) can initiate the heartbeat on its own Sympathetic nerve carrying impulse to the heart can increase the heart rate Parasympathetic nerve can slow it down The heart rate increase when: Increase in the secretion of hormone (adrenaline) An increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood Body temperature is elevated

The pumping of the heart

Sinoatrial node

Atrio-ventricular node

Bundle of His containing Purkinje tissue

Interventricular septum

valves present to prevent backflow of blood and ensure that it flows towards the heart
Valve closed blood cant flow back Valve open blood can flow

return of blood to heart is aided by contraction of body muscles as they squeeze the blood along the vein

Blood squeezed towards heart Muscle contracted

Valves closed Prevent back-flow

REGULATORY MECHANISM OF BLOOD PRESSURE

Regulatory Mechanism of blood pressure

Blood pressure the force of the blood exerted by the pumping heart on the walls of the arterial blood vessels. Arterial blood pressure is highest during contraction of the ventricles (ventricular systole) & lowest during diastole. Normal human blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg Can be measured by using a sphygmomanometer Blood pressure is regulated by a negative feedback mechanism.

 Stretch-sensitive receptors @ baroreceptors located in the arch walls of the aorta & carotid arteries (supply blood to the brain). Monitor the pressure of blood flowing to the brain & to the body. An increase in blood pressure stretches the baroreceptors impulses are sent to the cardiovascular centre in medulla oblongata to help regulate blood pressure. Impulses sent via parasymphatetic nerve to the heart slow down the heartbeat smooth muscles of arteries relax, decrease the resistance of blood flow in the blood vessels blood pressure decrease

 The widening of blood vessels = vasodilation The weaker cardiac muscle contraction & lower resistance of blood flow in blood vessels blood pressure , back to normal value If blood pressure low (in a state of shock) baroreceptors less stimulated send nerve impulses at a slower rate to the cardiovascular centre stimulation of SA node by the sympathetic nerve stronger cardiac muscle contraction as well as the smooth muscles in the walls of arteries increase the resistance of blood flow in the blood vessels. Narrowing of blood vessel vasoconstriction

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN FISH, AMPHIBIANS & HUMANS

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

CLOSED

OPENED

SINGLE

DOUBLE

INSECTS & MOLLUSCS

FISH

COMPLETE : HUMANS

INCOMPLETE : REPTILES AMPHIBIANS

CIRCULATORY IN HUMANS, FISH &AMPHIBIANS

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN FISH Single closed circulatory system blood flows through the heart only once for each circulation. Heart Deoxygenated blood gills oxygenated blood body heart Blood pressure drops collected in sinuses (large spaces) atrium

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN AMPHIBIANS Double circulatory system blood flows through the heart only twice for each circulation. The pulmonary circulation & systemic circulation. Three-chambered heart two atria & one ventricle. Some mixing of oxygenated & deoxygenated blood in ventricle enter the systemic circulation (incomplete double circulatory system) less efficient.

Circulatory system in humans

Circulatory system in humans

Double circulatory system (blood passes through the heart twice for each circuit)
Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation

Two divisions of heart:

Right side pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs Left side pump oxygenated blood to the body (except lungs)

Advantage: blood returns to the heart to be pumped again will increase the blood pressure and flow rate, thereby speeding up delivery O2 to the tissues and organs.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS
ORGANISMS HUMANS CIRCULATORY SYSTEM COMPLETE DOUBLE CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM SINGLE CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM INCOMPLETE DOUBLE CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OPENED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS The blood enters the heart twice during one complete cycle. The oxygenated & deoxygenated blood not mixing together An atrium & a ventricle The deoxygenated blood enters the atrium & then the ventricle The blood enters the heart once Two atria, one ventricle Mixing of oxygenated blood & deoxygenated blood in the single ventricle. Blood flow in haemocoel

FISH

AMPHIBIANS

INSECTS