Physiology for

Pharmacology
General Introduction
Lecture ONE
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Minimum Requirements for
Students
A PC or Laptop (Better).
Internet Acess (Min. 20 KB/Sec.)
Notebook.
Essentials of Windows, Office 2007
(Word, Excell, Power Point, …. ).
Basic Programs:
Google (Web, image, video).
www.scribd.com and
www.4shared.com
Internet download manager, Flash
saver and Real Player (Golden
Edition).
Allowed ….
Questions.
Notes.
Suggestions.
Permissions.
Logic criticism.
Invite Friends and other students.
Share JOKES and HUMORS.



NOT ALLOWED !!!
Undue laugh, smile, whispers, ..
Mobile Phone for ANY REASON.
Smoking, eating, drinking, …..

In summary
You should look and act
like a student….
And we should offer the
best for you.
 Human Physiology
Study of how the human
body functions.
Physiology = NORMAL
Pathophysiology:
 How physiological processes
are altered in disease or
injury.
Main Goal of Physiology.
 The main goal is
achievement of
HOMEOSTASIS.
 This is Maintaining constancy
of internal environment.
 Dynamic consistency.
 Maintained by feedback loops.

 Definition of Homeostasis
 Homeostasis, from the Greek
words for "same" and
"steady," refers to any
process that living things
use to actively maintain
fairly stable conditions
necessary for survival…

 Internal components of
homeostasis
1.Concentration of oxygen and
carbon dioxide
2.pH of the internal environment
3.Concentration of nutrients and
waste products
4.Concentration of salt and other
electrolytes
5.Volume and pressure of
extracellular fluid

 Control Systems
Open systems are linear and have


no feedback, such as a light

switch. Closed Systems has two
components: a sensor and an
effector, such as a thermostat
(sensor) and furnace (effector).
Most physiological systems in the
body use feedback to maintain
the body's internal environment.

 Extrinsic Control System
 Most homeostatic systems are extrinsic:
they are controlled from outside the body.
Endocrine and nervous systems are the
major control systems in higher animals.
 The nervous system depends on sensors in
the skin or sensory organs to receive
stimuli and transmit a message to the
spinal cord or brain.
 Sensory input is processed and a signal is
sent to an effector system, such as
muscles or glands, that effects the
response to the stimulus.

 Intrinsic Control System
 Local, or intrinsic, controls usually
involve only one organ or tissue.
 When muscles use more oxygen,
and also produce more carbon
dioxide, intrinsic controls cause
dilation of the blood vessels
allowing more blood into those
active areas of the muscles.
 Eventually the vessels will return
to "normal".

 Feedback Loops
Sensor:
 Detects deviation from set
point.
Integrating center:
 Determines the response.
Effector:
 Produces the response.

The LOOP (Negative
Phase)
The LOOP (Negative
Phase)
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
 Defending the set point.
 Reverse the deviation.
 Produces change in opposite direction.
Example (Insulin Injection) {Negative FB}
So, in summary… Negative FB


 Positive Feedback
 Action of effectors amplifies
the change.
 Is in same direction as change.
 Examples:
 Oxytocin (parturition).
 Blood Cloting
 Voltage gated Na+ channels
(depolarization)
 Note that… !!
Most of body activities
and mechanisms for
homeostasis are
(( Negative FeedBack)),
few are (( Positive
FeedBack)).
In Positive FeedBack


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Next Lecture

Cell Physiology
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