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How it is generated ?
Atmospheric lifetime
A naturally occurring gas released as a by-product of fossil fuel combustion, selected industrial processes and changes in the patterns of land-use, particularly deforestation. In terms of gross volume of emissions, it is by far the most important greenhouse gas. A gas released in coal mining, landfill operations, livestock raising and natural gas/oil drilling (among other processes) and human waste.
200-10,000 years
Methane (CH4)
21 (21 times 12 years more potent in terms of global warming effect than CO2) 120 years
A gas emitted during fertilizer 310 manufacturing and fossil fuel combustion.
Gases
How it is generated?
A group of gasses emitted in selected manufacturing processes and frequently used in refriger-ation and air conditioning equipment.
Perfluorocarbons Similar to HFCs, PFCs were (PFCs) developed and introduced as an alternative to ozone depleting CFCs and HFCs. They are emitted in a variety of manufacturing processes. Sulphur hexofluoride (SF) The most potent greenhouse gas, released in a very limited number of manufacturing processes where it is used as a dielectric fluid.
Global warming 3,200 years potential of SF6 is equal to 23,900. SF6 represent the most dangerous group of anthropogenicinduced greenhouse gas emissions
268 ppt
14 ppt
80 ppt
Source: IPCC
+50c
2080s
Substantial burden on health services; Global food production decreases; About 30% of global coastal wetlands lost.
Major changes in natural systems cause predominantly negative consequences for biodiversity, water and food supplies. Widespread coral mortality. Millions more people face flooding risk every year. Increased risk of extinction for 20-30% of known species. Most corals bleached. Increasing mortality from heat waves, floods and droughts Decreasing water availability ; Increasing drought in many regions ; Increasing wildfire risk ; Increased flood and storm damage ; Increasing burden from malnutrition, diarrhoeal, cardio-respiratory and infectious diseases
2007
Current Warming
CH4 14.3%
Temperature Precipitation
Socioeconomics, demographics
CLIMATE CHANGE
3.
4. 5. 6.
7.
8.
1051 0476 9130 608 8065 688 9634 787 8215 296 8812 925 9239 783 9441 456 9575 112 7915 099
No. of Cases
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Year
No. of Cases
3500
Year
200000
203939
No. of Cases
150000
152713 131808 133594 113527 131798 146047 151287 135859 134938
100000
50000
0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
600000
500000
512557
No. of Cases
463578
482863
488033
400000
379304
300000
279438 269455
318510
200000
100000
0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
Endemic districts - 180 in 18 States/UTs) Population: 450 million 2006: 12317 Cases , 184 Deaths
2005
2006
Affected districts: 188, Suspected Cases 1.39 million Confirmed Cases 1985 out of 15504 tested (12.8%)
Health: An Overview
(a)
W D R A H R A W D L A H I N A J A H S R U P N A H
(b)
H L A D A B
P A N O S R U
Transmission windows of malaria in different states of India (a) in 2000 and (b) in 2080
TW Open for months 4-6 7-9
IO N R A C R A B
A D E H K
K U O R A L E
4-6
N E H C I A
7-9
IO N R A C R A B
10-12 N.A
10-12 N.A
Malaria may penetrate elevations above 1800 meters and some coastal areas.
10% more states may offer climatic opportunities for malaria vector breeding throughout the year with respect to the year 2000
Aggregate annual utilizable water in India: 1100 billion Cu.m Estimated water demand in India in 2025: 1013 billion Cu. m
Hence emission of methane into the atmosphere is 40.67 billion cubic metres per year.
But in Sulabh two-pit, pour-flush, compost toilets, vent pipes are not needed and gases are absorbed in the leach-pits into the soil.
In Sulabh public toilet complexes with attached biogas digesters, the gases are burnt when put to different uses like cooking, warming oneself, lighting mantle lamps, etc. Thus, Sulabh technologies prevent emission of methane into the atmosphere and reduce global warming and improve climate change.
Sulabh Thermophilic Aerobic Composting Technology for Solid Waste Management A plant of GI sheet having double wall filled with glass wool, partitioned with perforated sheet into three chambers. Requires 8 10 days to make compost from any biodegradable waste. No manual handling. It functions at low temperature also More suitable for housing colonies, hostels, hilly areas.
(STAC)
21
contd
22
23
Vermi-Composting
It is the end product of the breakdown of organic matter by some species of earthworm. Vermi-compost is a nutrient rich natural fertilizer and soil conditioner. The process of producing vermi-compost is called vermi-composting.
24
Benefits of Composting
Direct employment in composting Economic gain through sale of compost & earth-worms Reduce dependency on chemical fertilizer for agriculture purpose Reduce the expenditure of Municipal body on transportation of Solid Wastes. Reduce the need for new landfill site Prevention of pollution caused by Solid waste Reduce green house gas.
25
Cost of manure from toilets to be constructed by Sulabh twin-pit toilet for 2.6 billion people per year 1 person produces 40 kg manure in 1 year 2.6 billion persons produce = 40* 2.6 billion Kg manure = 104 billion Kg. manure Cost of manure (in 1 year) Cost of 1 Kg of manure is Rs. 5.00 Cost of 104 billion kg manure = Rs. 5*104 billion = Rs. 520 billion
Cost recovered from 1,000 users biogas plant, in the form of energy per year
One person produce = 1 cft of biogas per day So, from a Public toilet of 1,000 users we get= 1000 cft of biogas (30cum) 30 cum of Biogas = 4.6 gallons of diesel 1 gallon = 4.55 litres 4.6 gallons of diesel = 4.6 *4.55 litres of diesel = 21 litres So, in a day we get 21 litres of diesel Hence, total diesel obtained in a year= 21*365 = 7,665 litres/year Cost of diesel @ Rs. 32/- = 7,665*32 = Rs. 2,45,280 per year for one biogas plant of 1000 users
The mechanism is overseen by the CDM Executive Board, answerable ultimately to the countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol. Since 2006, the mechanism has already registered more than 1000 projects and is anticipated to produce CERs amounting to more than 2.7 billion tons of CO2 equivalent by 2008-2012.
Do developing countries like India stand to gain from the CDM? Though the mechanism recognises and the right of developed countries to emit more GHGs, and hence their right to a higher standard of living than people in poor countries, the developing countries, like India, get benefited by this mechanism as well. Apart from industries and transportation the major sources of GHGs emission in India are paddy fields, enteric fermentation from cattle and buffaloes and municipal solid waste.
The project can be executed using a Public-Private Partnership approach in which both the parties can invest and share the benefits. Investment and operating cost is recovered through sale of CERs, gaining annual CER for the country.
Conclusions
Climate change is real, accelerating and it threatens all of us Diverse, global and probably irreversible over human time scales Health impacts are potentially huge and threaten public health security The risks are inequitable; GHG are emitted by developed countries but the health risks are concentrated in poor countries which have contributed least. These countries will suffer earliest and most. What we do now may not have major impact in next 4050 years. But our efforts in next 10-20 years can have a profound effect on climate in second half of century A gift to the next generations