Mohr Circle

In 2D space (e.g., on the 1 2 , 1 3, or 2 3 plane), the normal stress ( n) and the shear stress ( s), could be given by e uations (1) and (2) in the ne!t slides "ote# $he e uations are given here in the 1 2 plane, %here 1 is greater than 2. I& %e %ere dealing %ith the 2 3 plane, then the t%o principal stresses %ould be 2 and 3

"ormal 'tress
$he normal stress, n:

n( ( 1) 2)*2 ) ( 1+ 2)*2 cos2

(1)

In parametric form the equation becomes:

n ( c ) r cos,
Where

c = ( 1) 2)*2 is the center, which lies on the normal stress axis (x axis) r ( ( 1+ 2)*2 is the radius

,= 2

'ign Conventions
n is compressive %hen it is +, i.e., %hen n-. n is tensile %hen it is -, i.e., %hen n/ .

n( ( 1) 2)*2)( 1+ 2)*2 cos2

"0$1# is the angle from 1 to the normal to the plane! n = 1 at = 0 n = 2 at = 90

(a maximum) (a minimum )

There is no shear stress on the three principal planes (perpendicular to the principal stresses)

2esolved "ormal and 'hear 'tress

'hear 'tress
$he shear stress

s ( ( 1+ 2)*2 sin2

(2)

In parametric form the equation becomes:

s ( r sin,

%here , = 2

s > 0 represents left-lateral shear s < 0 represents ri ht-lateral shear s = 0 at = 0 or 90 or 180 (a min) s = (12)/2 at = + 45 (maximum shear stress)

The maximum s is 1!2 the differential stress

Construction o& the Mohr Circle in 2D

"lot the normal stress, n, #s$ shear stress, s, on a raph paper usin ar%itrar& scale (e$ $, mm scale') (alculate) Center c ( ( 1) 2)*2

2adius r ( ( 1+ 2)*2

Note: Diameter is the differential stress (1-2) The circle intersects the n (x-axis) at the two principal stresses ( 1 and 2)

Construction o& the Mohr Circle

*ultipl& the ph&sical an le %& 2 The an le 2 is from the c 1 line to an& point on the circle )2 (((W) an les are read a%o#e the x-axis +2 ((W) an les %elow the x-axis, from the 1 axis $he n and s o& a point on the circle represent the normal and shear stresses on the plane %ith the given 2 angle "0$1) The axes of the Mohr circle have no geographic significance!

Mohr Circle &or 'tress

$

Mohr Circle in 3D

Ma!imum 3 Minimum "ormal 'tresses

$he normal stress:

n( ( 1) 2)*2 ) ( 1+ 2)*2 cos2

: ( in physical space) is the angle from 1 to the normal to the plane 4hen = 0 then cos2 = 1 and n(( 1) 2)*2 ) ( 1+ 2)*2 %hich reduces to a ma!imum value# n( ( 1) 2 ) 1+ 2)*2 n( 2 1*2 n( 1 4hen = 90 then cos2 = 1 and n( ( 1) 2)*2 + ( 1+ 2)*2 %hich reduces to a minimum n( ( 1) 2 + 1) 2)*2 n( 2 2*2 n( 2

'pecial 'tates o& 'tress + 5nia!ial 'tress

5nia!ial 'tress (compression or tension) +ne principal stress (1 or ,) is non--ero, and the other two are e.ual to -ero

5nia!ial compression (ompressi#e stress in one direction) 1 - 2( 3 ( . 6a . .6 6. . .6 6. . .6 The *ohr circle is tan ent to the ordinate at the ori in (i$e$, 2( 3( .) on the / (compressi#e) side

'pecial 'tates o& 'tress

5nia!ial $ension
$ension in one direction# 0 = 1 ( 2 - 3 |0 |0 |0

0 0| 0 0| 0-a|

The *ohr circle is tan ent to the ordinate at the ori in on the + (i$e$, tensile) side

'pecial 'tates o& 'tress + 7!ial 'tress

7!ial (con&ined) compression) 1 - 2 ( 3 - . |a 0 0| |0 b 0| |0 0 b| 7!ial e!tension (e!tension)# 1 ( 2 - 3 - . |a 0 0| |0 a 0| |0 0 b| The *ohr circle for %oth of these cases are to the ri ht of the ori in (non-tan ent)

'pecial 'tates o& 'tress + 8ia!ial 'tress

8ia!ial 'tress# Two of the principal stresses are non--ero and the other is -ero 9ure 'hear# 1 ( + 3 and is non--ero (e.ual in ma nitude %ut opposite in si n) 2 ( . (i$e$, it is a %iaxial state) The normal stress on planes of maximum shear is -ero (pure shear') |a 0 0 | |0 0 0 | |0 0 -a| The *ohr circle is s&mmetric w$r$t$ the ordinate (center is at the ori in)

'pecial 'tates o& 'tress

'pecial 'tates o& 'tress + $ria!ial 'tress

$ria!ial 'tress# 1, 2, and 3 ha#e non--ero #alues

1 - 2 - 3 and can %e tensile or compressi#e

0s the most eneral state in nature |a 0 0 | |0 b 0 | |0 0 c | The *ohr circle has three distinct circles

$ria!ial 'tress

Two-dimensional cases# :eneral 'tress

:eneral Compression

1oth principal stresses are compressi#e is common in earth)

:eneral $ension

1oth principal stresses are tensile "ossi%le at shallow depths in earth

Isotropic 'tress

$he 3D, isotropic stresses are e ual in magnitude in all directions (as radii o& a sphere) Magnitude ( the mean o& the principal stresses m( ( 1) 2) 3)*3 ( ( 11) 22) 33 )*3 9 ( 1( 2( 3 %hen principal stresses are e ual

i.e., it is an invariant (does not depend on a speci&ic coordinate system). "o need to ;no% the principal stress< %e can use any= >eads to dilation ()ev 3 +ev)< but no shape change ev=(v-vo)/vo= v/vo ?no dimension@

v and vo are &inal and original volumes

'tress in >i uids

Aluids (li uids*gases) are stressed e ually in all directions (e.g. magma)< e.g.# Bydrostatic, >ithostatic, 7tmospheric pressure 7ll o& these are pressure due to the column o& %ater, roc;, or air, respectively# C is thic;ness is density g is the acceleration due to gravity

9 ( gC

Bydrostatic 9ressure+ Bydrostatic $ension

Bydrostatic 9ressure# 1 ( 2 ( 3 ( 9 |P 0 0| |0 P 0| |0 0 P| 2ll principal stresses are compressi#e and e.ual (") "o shear stress e!ists on any plane 2ll ortho onal coordinate s&stems are principal coordinates Mohr circle reduces to a point on the n a!is Bydrostatic $ension $he stress across all planes is tensile and e ual There are no shearin stresses 0s an unli3el& case of stress in the earth

4e#iatoric 5tress

7 total stress can be divided into its components# isotropic (9ressure) or mean stress ( m)

9ressure is the mean of the principal stresses (ma& %e ne lected in most pro%lems)$ +nl& causes #olume chan e$ Deviator6s components are calculated %& su%tractin the mean stress (pressure) from each of the normal stresses of the eneral stress tensor (not the shear stresses')$ (auses shape chan e and that it the part which we are most interested in$

deviatoric ( d) that deviates &rom the mean

T= m+ d or d= T- m

Con&ining 9ressure

0n experimental roc3 deformation, pressure is called confinin pressure, and is ta3en to %e e.ual to the 2 and , (uniaxial loadin ) This is the pressure that is h&draulicall& applied around the roc3 specimen 0n the 7arth, at an& point -, the confinin pressure is isotropic (lithostatic) pressure) 9 ( gC

Decomposition o& Matri!

8

Decomposition o& the total stress matri! into the mean and deviatoric matrices

The deviatoric part of total stress leads to change in shape

1!ample + Deviatoric 3 Mean stress

:iven# 1 ( D Mpa, 2 ( E Mpa, and 3 ( 2 Mpa Aind the mean and the diviatoric stresses $he mean stress ( m)# m ( (D ) E ) 2) * 3 ( E M9a $he deviatoric stresses ( n )# 1 ( D+E ( 3 Mpa (compressive) 2 ( E+E ( . Mpa 3 ( 2+E ( +3 Mpa (tensile)

Di&&erential 'tress
The difference %etween the maximum and the minimum principal stresses ( 1+ 2) 0s alwa&s positi#e 0ts #alue is) twice the radius of the lar est *ohr circle 0t is twice the maximum shear stresses 9ote) s ( ( 1+ 2)*2 sin2

s = (12)/2 at = + 45 (a maximum) The maximum s is 1!2 the differential stress

0s an in#ariant of the stress tensor

1&&ective 'tress

0ts components are calculated %& su%tractin the internal pore fluid pressure ("f) from each of the normal stresses of the external stress tensor $his means that the pore &luid pressures opposes the e!ternal stress, decreasing the e&&ective con&ining pressure The pore fluid pressure shifts the *ohr circle toward lower normal stresses$ This chan es the applied stress into an effecti#e stress

1&&ective 'tress

(applied stress - pore fluid pressure)= effective stress . 6 6 11- 9& . 6(6 21 9& 6 6 31 12 32 13 33+ 9& 6

6 11 12 13 6 6 9& . | 21 22 23 6 + 6 . 6 31 32 33 6 6 .

9& .

22 F 9& 23

*echanical %eha#ior of a %rittle material depends on the effecti#e stress, not on the applied stress

9ore Aluid 9ressure