 A process whereby knowledge, attitude, and

practice of people are changed to improve

individual, family, and community health.
 Basic health service and every member of the
health team shares responsibility in providing
health education.
 A means of improving the health of the people by
employing various methods of scientific
procedures to show the most healthful ways of
living.
 Consists of techniques that stimulate,
arouse, and guide people to live
healthfully.
 Sum of activities in which health
agencies engage to influence the
thinking, motivation, judgment, and
action of the people in the community.
 Creating awarenes
 Motivation

 Decision making action

 Health education considers the health
status of the people.
 Determined by the economic and social
conscience of the country
 Health education is learning
 Process whereby people learn to improve their
personal habits and attitudes and to work
responsibly for the improvement of health,
conditions in the family, community and
nation.
 Health education involves motivation,
experience and change in the conduct of
thinking
 Stimulates an active interest in people
 Develops and provides experiences for change in
people’s attitudes, customs, and habits in relation
to health and everyday living.
 Health education should be recognized as a
basic function of all health workers
 Health education takes place in the home, in the
school, and the community
 Learning about health results from a wide variety of
contacts between members of the family, between
pupils and teachers and mong the community
members.
 Health education is a cooperative effort
 Health education requires that all categories of health
personnel work together in close teamwork with
families, groups, and community.
 Health education meets the needs, interests, and problems of
the people affected.
 The expressed needs and interest of the people themselves are
important motivating influences for intiating individual, family and
community activities in solving health problems.
 Health education is achieved by doing.
 It does not only mean understanding the different health facts,
buth health education also finds means and ways of carrying out
the plans.
 Obtains community and individual participation in the solution of
health problems
 Health education is a slow continuous process.
 It is a slow development, not a mushroom growth that evolves
constant changes and revisions until onkectoves are achieved.
 Health education makes use of supplementary aids and devices.
 These education materials are aids to a cooperative health program and not as a
program itslef.
 Helps verbal instructions
 Health education utilizes community resources
 It involves the careful evaluation of the different services and resources found in the
community concerned with the total health and well being of the people.
 Both human and natural resources are utilized.
 Health education is a creative process
 There is no single pattern for solving community problems, since problem solving is
essentially a creative work.
 Needs a method and technique different from others with a characteristic of its own.
 Does not follow a rigid and inflexible pattern.
 Health education helps people attain health through their
own efforts.
 It aims to help people make use of their own efforts and
education in improving their conditions of living, lodging,
good nutrition and prevention of diseases.
 Health education makes careful evaluation of the
planning, organization and implementation of all health
education programs and activities.
 A long and continuous process like health education itself.
 Interviewing
 Counseling
 Lecture-discussion
 Open forum
 Workshop
 Case study
 Role play
 Symposium
 Group work – buzz sessions
 Community assembly
 Nominal group technique
 This technique is a structured variation of small group
discussion methods. The process prevents the
domination of discussion by a single person,
encourages the more passive group members to
participate, and results in a set of prioritized solutions
or recommendations.
 Laboratory training
 Use of IEC (information, education,
communication) materials as leaflets, brochures,
comics, handouts, flyers
 Use of publication
 Use of audio-visual aids, bulletin boars,
billboards, posters, streamers, radio, TV,
overhead/slide projectors, multimedia
presentation
 Use of IEC support as fans, umbrellas, T-
shirts, bookmarks, bags, hats, pens,
stationaries, keychains, folder, kits
 Qualities of a Good Health Educator
 Knowledgeable/mastery of subject matter
 Credible
 Good listener
 Can emphatize with others
 Possess teaching skills
 Flexible
 Patience
 Creative and innovative
 Effective motivator
 Ability to rephrase/summarize
 Encourages group participation
 Good sense of humor.
 AKA Bilhariasis; snail fever; swimmer’s
itch; katayama fever
 Agent: blood fluke
 Schistosoma japonicum – endemic in the
philippines
 Schistosoma mansoni
 Schistosoma haematobium
 Infective stage  cercaria
 Intermediate host:
 Oncomelania quadrasi
 Endemic in 10 regions, 24 provinces,
183 municipalities and 1,212
barangays
 Prevalent in:
 Region 5 (bicol)
 Region 8 (samar and leyte)

 Region 11 (davao)
 Mode of transmission:

 contact with contaminated fresh water

 Signs and symptoms:
 Diarrhea
 Bloody stools
 Enlargement of the abdomen
 Splenomegaly
 hepatomegally
 Weakness
 Anemia
 Hepatitis  liver cirrhosis  ascites and jaundice
 Diagnosis
 KatoKatz (circumovum precipitate)
technique
 Stool exam to diagnose schistosomiasis
 Treatment
 Praziquantel (Biltricide)  drug of choice
against all species
Methods of Control

 Preventive Measures:
 Educate the public in endemic areas regarding
mode of transmission and methods of protection
 Dispose of feces and rine so that viable eggs will
not reach bodies of fresh water containing
intermediate snail host.
 Improve irrigation and agrigultural practices 
reduce snail habitats
 Treat snail-breeding sites with molluscicides
 Prevent exposure to contaminated water
 Provide water for drinking, bathing and washing
clothes from sources free from cercariae or treatment
to kill them
 Treat water with iodine or chlorine, or use paper filters or
allow water to stand 48 – 72 hours before use
 Treat patients in endemic areas to prevent disease
progression and to reduce transmission
 Travelers visiting endemic areas should be advised of
the risks and informed about preventive measures
 Control of Patient, Contacts and the
Immediate environment
 Report to local health authority in selected
endemic areas
 Investigation of contacts and sources
of infection (case finding and
surveillance)
 Motivate people in endemic areas to have
annual stool examination
 Chronic parasitic infection caused by a
nematode parasites
 Endemic in Regions 5, 8, 11,CARAGA (region
XIII), marinduque, sarangani provice
 Infectious agent: (nematode)
 Wuchereria brancrofti
 Bruglia malayi
 Bruglia timori
 Young and adult Worms lives in the lymphatic vessels
and lymph nodes while the microfilariae are usually
found in blood
 MOT
 Person to person through bites from an
infected female mosquito Aedes
poecilius
 Incubation period: 8 – 16 months
 Signs and Symptoms
1. Asymptomatic Stage
 Presence of microfilariae in the peripheral blood
 No clinical signs and symptoms
 Some remain asymptomatic for years and in some
instances for life
 Other progress to acute and chronic stages
 Microfilariae rate increases with age and then levels
off
 In most endemic areas including the Philippines, men
have higher microfilariae rate than women
2. Acute Stage
 Lymphadenitis
 Inflammation of the lymph nodes
 Lymphangitis
 Inflammation of the lymph vessels
 In some cases, the male genitalia is
affected leading to funiculitis, epidydimitis,
or orchitis
3. Chronic Stage
 Develop 10 – 15 years from the onset of first
attack
 Hydrocoele
 Swelling of the scrotum
 Lymphedema
 Temporary swelling of the upper and lower
extremities
 Elephantiasis
 Enlargement nad thickening of the skin of the lower
and/or upper extremities, scrotum, breast
 Diagnosis
 Physical examination
 History taking

 Observation of the major and minor signs

and symptoms
 Laboratory Examinations
 Nocturnal Blood Examination
 Bloodis taken from the patient at night (after
8:00 PM)
 Immunochromatrographic Test
 Rapid assessment method
 Antigen test
 Focus on the compliance to the
prescribed treatment regimen
 DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE CITRATE
(DEC) or HETRAZAN
 Drug of choice
 Side effects
 Systemic
 Due to host inflammatory responses to
parasites antigen liberated by the rapid death
of the microfilariae
 Local
 Induced by death of the microfilaria
 Mass Treatment
 Distributionto all population
 Dosage: 6 mg/kg body weight taken as a
single dose per year
 Surgical Treatment
 Lymphvenous anastomosis
 SUPPORTIVE CARE FOR FILARIASIS
 Observe personal hygeine to avoid
superinfection
 PREVENTION AND CONTROL
 Vector control
 Environmental sanitation
 Spraying with insecticides
 protect
infdividual and families in
endemic areas
 use of mosquito nets
 Use of long sleeves, long pants, socks
 Application of insect repellants
 Screeing of houses
 Health education
 Also known as Ague, black water fever
 Produced by intraerythrocytic parasites
of the genus Plasmodium
 P. falciparum
 P. Vivax
 P. Ovale
 P. Malariae
 Factors affectng severity of the disease
 Infecting species
 P. Falciparum is the most fatal
 Most common
 Found in the Philippines
 P. Vivax
 Second most common
 Widely distributed
 P. Malariae
 Third most common
 P. Ovale
 rare
  Magnitude of parasitemia
 Metabolic effects of the parasite

 Mode of Transmission
 Person
to Person through the bite of female
Anopheles Mosquito
 Incubation period: 10 days – 4 weeks
 Diagnosis
 Clinical Method
 Based on the signs and symptoms of the
patient plus a history of his/her having
visited a malaria endemic area
 Pattern of Disease (cycle is every 48 – 72
hours)
 Cold Stage  chills
 Hot Stage  fever
 Wet State  diaphoresis
 Microscopic Method (Malarial Smear)
 Examination of blood semar of the patient
 Specimen is taken when patient has fever
 Chemoprophylaxis
 Given to persons going to malaria endemic
area
 Chloroquine
 chemoprophylaxis drug of choice
 Taken at weekly intervals starting from 1 – 2
weeks before travelling
 Given throughout pregnancy
 Prevention and Control
B – Biological Method
 On-stream clearing
I – Insecticides
 Treatment of mosquito nets/curtains with
insecticide
C – Case Findings
 E – Environmental Sanitation and
health education
 P – Personal Prevention
 Personal Prevention
 Wearing of clothing that covers arms and
legs in the evening
 Avoid outdoor night activities (vector’s
peak hours: 9 PM – 3 AM)
 C – Chemical Method
 L – Larvae eating Fish

 E – Environmental Sanitation

 A – antimosquito soap (Basisl

Cetronella)
 N – Neem Trees
 Blood Schizonticides
 Drugsacting on sexual blood stages of the
paraside which are responsible for clinical
manifestations
 Chloroquine
 Sufadoxine
 Quinine
 Tetracycline
 quinidine